Cambridge 13 Reading Test 04
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time
The nineteenth century was a period of great technological development in Britain, and for shipping the major changes were from wind to steam power, and from wood to iron and steel.
The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were clippers, three-masted ships built to transport goods around the world, although some also took passengers. From the 1840s until 1869, when the Suez Canal opened and steam propulsion was replacing sail, clippers dominated world trade. Although many were built, only one has survived more or less intact: Cutty Sark, now on display in Greenwich, southeast London.
Cutty Sark’s unusual name comes from the poem Tam O’Shanter by the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Tam, a farmer, is chased by a witch called Nannie, who is wearing a ‘cutty sark’ – an old Scottish name for a short nightdress. The witch is depicted in Cutty Sark’s figurehead – the carving of a woman typically at the front of old sailing ships. In legend, and in Burns’s poem, witches cannot cross water, so this was a rather strange choice of name for a ship.
Cutty Sark was built in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1869, for a shipping company owned by John Willis. To carry out construction, Willis chose a new shipbuilding firm, Scott & Linton, and ensured that the contrast with them put him in a very strong position. In the end, the firm was forced out of business, and the ship was finished by a competitor.
Willis’s company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring shipowners both profits and prestige, so Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship. On her maiden voyage, in 1870, she set sail from London, carrying large amounts of goods to China. She returned laden with tea, making the journey back to London in four months. However, Cutty Sark never lived up to the high expectations of her owner, as a result of bad winds and various misfortunes. On one occasion, in 1872, the ship and a rival clipper, Thermopylae, left port in China on the same day. Crossing the Indian Ocean, Cutty Sark gained a lead of over 400 miles, but then her rudder was severely damaged in stormy seas, making her impossible to steer. The ship’s crew had the daunting task of repairing the rudder at sea, and only succeeded at the second attempt. Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae.
Steam ships posed a growing threat to clippers, as their speed and cargo capacity increased. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the same year that Cutty Sark was launched, had a serious impact. While steam ships could make use of the quick, direct route between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the canal was of no use to sailing ships, which needed the much stronger winds of the oceans, and so had to sail a far greater distance. Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months.
By 1878, tea traders weren’t interested in Cutty Sark, and instead, she took on the much less prestigious work of carrying any cargo between any two ports in the world. In 1880, violence aboard the ship led ultimately to the replacement of the captain with an incompetent drunkard who stole the crew’s wages. He was suspended from service, and a new captain appointed. This marked a turnaround and the beginning of the most successful period in Cutty Sark’s working life, transporting wool from Australia to Britain. One such journey took just under 12 weeks, beating every other ship sailing that year by around a month.
The ship’s next captain, Richard Woodget, was an excellent navigator, who got the best out of both his ship and his crew. As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere, and Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America. His gamble paid off, though, and the ship was the fastest vessel in the wool trade for ten years.
As competition from steam ships increased in the 1890s, and Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable. She was sold to a Portuguese firm, which renamed her Ferreira. For the next 25 years, she again carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world.
Badly damaged in a gale in 1922, she was put into Falmouth harbor in southwest England, for repairs. Wilfred Dowman, a retired sea captain who owned a training vessel, recognised her and tried to buy her, but without success. She returned to Portugal and was sold to another Portuguese company. Dowman was determined, however, and offered a high price: this was accepted, and the ship returned to Falmouth the following year and had her original name restored.
Dowman used Cutty Sark as a training ship, and she continued in this role after his death. When she was no longer required, in 1954, she was transferred to dry dock at Greenwich to go on public display. The ship suffered from fire in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014, but now Cutty Sark attracts a quarter of a million visitors a year.
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Clippers were originally intended to be used as passenger ships.
2 Cutty Sark was given the name of a character in a poem.
3 The contract between John Willis and Scott & Linton favoured Willis.
4 John Willis wanted Cutty Sark to be the fastest tea clipper travelling between the UK and China.
5 Despite storm damage, Cutty Sark beat Thermopylae back to London.
6 The opening of the Suez Canal meant that steam ships could travel between Britain and China faster than clippers.
7 Steam ships sometimes used the ocean route to travel between London and China.
8 Captain Woodget put Cutty Sark at risk of hitting an iceberg.
Questions 9-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 After 1880, Cutty Sark carried ………………………… as its main cargo during its most successful time.
10 As a captain and …………………………., Woodget was very skilled.
11 Ferreira went to Falmouth to repair damage that a …………………………. had caused.
12 Between 1923 and 1954, Cutty Sark was used for …………………………..
13 Cutty Sark has twice been damaged by ………………………… in the 21st century.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
SAVING THE SOIL
More than a third of the Earth’s top layer is at risk. Is there hope for our planet’s most precious resource?
A
More than a third of the world’s soil is endangered, according to a recent UN report. If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a huge problem.
B
Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world’s soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown. A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals.
That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our existing antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs £233 million every year.
C
If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover.
Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil. Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile. In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season.
D
But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate. Farmers have been putting this synthetic fertiliser on their fields ever since.
But over the past few decades, it has become clear this wasn’t such a bright idea. Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they are supposed to nourish.
E
One of the people looking for a solution to his problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the world’s top soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees flourished was to take care of the soil, and has developed a cocktail of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. When they applied Floris’s mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock. The few plants that grew in the control plots, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak
F
However, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem. To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. That’s not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Global Soil Map project. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lad analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all.
G
But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada. ‘Most scientists don’t speak language that policy-makers can understand, and vice versa.’ Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation’. Like the idea of carbon neutrality, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action.
For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are agitating for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality?
Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.
Questions 14-17
Complete the summary below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humans
Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as plant remains and 14 ……………………….. It provides us with food and also with antibiotics, and its function in storing 15 …………………………. has a significant effect on the climate. In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrastructure because it holds 16……………………………
If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor contributing to soil degradation is the 17………………………….. carried out by humans.
Questions 18-21
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.
18 Nutrients contained in the unused parts of harvested crops
19 Synthetic fertilisers produced with Haber-Bosch process
20 Addition of a mixture developed by Pius Floris to the soil
21 The idea of zero net soil degradation
A may improve the number and quality of plants growing there.
B may contain data from up to nine countries.
C may not be put back into the soil.
D may help governments to be more aware of soil-related issues.
E may cause damage to different aspects of the environment.
F may be better for use at a global level.
Questions 22-26
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
22 a reference to one person’s motivation for a soil-improvement project
23 an explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming
24 examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degradation
25 a suggestion for a way of keeping some types of soil safe in the near future
26 a reason why it is difficult to provide an overview of soil degradation
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Book Review
The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being
By William Davies
‘Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter.’ This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of ‘positive psychology’, summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology – a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured – can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past.
It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established – since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas – our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date.
But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, ‘Bentham’s activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant’. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of ‘conversation tubes’, and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a ‘frigidarium’ to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a ‘Panopticon’, in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories.)
Bentham was also a pioneer of the ‘science of happiness’. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham ‘set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century’.
The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he ‘had never even studied a single human being’: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson’s reductive model is now widely applied, with ‘behaviour change’ becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a ‘Behaviour Insights Team’ has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways.
Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom.
———————–
Questions 27-29
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27 What is the reviewer’s attitude to advocates of positive psychology?
A They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham.
B They are over-influenced by their study of Bentham’s theories.
C They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness.
D They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.
28 The reviewer refers to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in order to suggest that happiness
A may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain.
B should not be the main goal of humans.
C is not something that should be fought for.
D is not just an abstract concept.
29 According to Davies, Bentham’s suggestion for linking the price of goods to happiness was significant because
A it was the first successful way of assessing happiness.
B it established a connection between work and psychology.
C it was the first successful example of psychological research.
D it involved consideration of the rights of consumers.
Questions 30-34
Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham was active in other areas besides philosophy. In the 1970s he suggested a type of technology to improve 30……………………… for different Government departments. He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 31………………………… and also designed a method for the 32 …………………………. of food. He also drew up plans for a prison which allowed the 33…………………………. of prisoners at al times, and believed the same design could be used for other institutions as well. When researching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 34……………………….., and suggested some methods of doing this.
A measurement
B security
C implementation
D profits
E observation
F communication
G preservation
Questions 35-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
35 One strength of The Happiness Industry is its discussion of the relationship between psychology and economics.
36 It is more difficult to measure some emotions than others.
37 Watson’s ideas on behaviourism were supported by research on humans he carried out before 1915.
38 Watson’s ideas have been most influential on governments outside America.
39 The need for happiness is linked to industrialisation.
40 A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population.
Арматура диаметром 32 мм, изготовленная из стали марки А500С, является одним из самых востребованных видов металлопроката в строительстве. Она применяется при возведении фундаментов, армировании стен и перемычек. https://armatura32.ru
Howdy very cool web site!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Wonderful .. I’ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds also…I’m glad to find a lot of useful information here in the post, we’d like work out more techniques in this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .
Wow! This can be one particular of the most useful blogs We have ever arrive across on this subject. Actually Great. I’m also an expert in this topic therefore I can understand your hard work.
Loving the information on this site, you have done outstanding job on the blog posts.
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you.
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
These are illnesses by which the immune system targets and attacks regular thyroid cells.
A particular person with irregular T4 levels is prone to require
some form of treatment to bring their ranges back
to inside a traditional vary. Some people have to hold taking medicine for several years or probably for all times.
When a person first begins taking levothyroxine, they require blood tests
each 6–8 weeks. These allow a doctor to monitor their
T4 levels so they can regulate the dosage if needed.
As Soon As a doctor establishes the proper dosage, a person might require follow-up blood checks every 6–12 months.
This panel provides a fuller view of thyroid function and how the
HPT axis is functioning. Chronic ailments like kidney failure
and cirrhosis may also have an result on T4 take a look
at results. The information that follows will assist you to perceive why your physician has
requested for a T4 take a look at. It will also assist you know what the outcomes
may imply when it comes to your personal health. Dangers embrace these
current each time you have your blood drawn. You
can even order an at-home thyroid test to measure T4 levels.
A excessive TSH stage indicates that the thyroid gland isn’t making enough thyroid hormone (primary hypothyroidism).
The reverse state of affairs, by which the TSH degree is low, normally
signifies that the thyroid is producing an extreme quantity of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism).
Sometimes, a low TSH could end result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making
sufficient TSH to stimulate the thyroid (secondary hypothyroidism).
Your healthcare provider will let you know if you should quick or make different
preparations before your thyroid test. If your healthcare provider plans to
make use of a distinction material, you would possibly need to cease consuming or
drinking for a quantity of hours earlier than your procedure.
Or, you may need to keep away from kelp and different
foods with a excessive iodine content material.
During a thyroid blood test, a supplier will take a sample
of your blood and ship it to a lab for analysis.
TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, comes from the pituitary
gland. Performing one or both of those different checks may help your doctor acquire
a greater understanding of your thyroid problem.
Your doctor could order a T4 take a look at if a thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) test has come again with irregular outcomes.
When you have high TSH levels and regular T4
ranges, it’s normally considered subclinical hypothyroidism
(also known as delicate thyroid failure). Having low TSH ranges and normal T4 ranges is
often considered subclinical hyperthyroidism.
“Subclinical” means the condition doesn’t cause any signs
or symptoms haven’t but began. Studies estimate that subclinical hyperthyroidism impacts up to 16% of the inhabitants.
Thyroxine (T4) is the primary hormone that is produced and secreted by the thyroid gland.
It is answerable for digestion, coronary heart rate,
muscle formation, brain growth, and healthy bones.
T4 is biologically inactive (called a storage
hormone); its primary function is to transport the hormone triiodothyronine (T3)
to the correct organs in your body. Without enough T4 (and its T3 counterpart),
the physique’s metabolism slows down. The website covers a variety
of lab tests, together with blood tests, urine checks, stool exams, and imaging
tests corresponding to X-rays and CT scans.
If your supplier has ordered more tests in your blood sample, you
may must quick (not eat or drink) for several hours before the take a look at.
Your supplier will let you understand if there are any special
directions to comply with. In sure instances, a T4 take a look at may be carried out as part of a group
of thyroid checks called a thyroid panel. The T3 take a look
at checks for levels of the hormone triiodothyronine.
That helps your veins keep their form, which makes
it easier to find them and successfully insert the needle.
Blood for T4 and different thyroid exams can generally be drawn at any time of day.
Focus On any dietary supplements or medications you’re taking along with your healthcare
provider earlier than testing. The outcomes of thyroid blood
tests are described in a reference range of values.
The reference range has a high and low value between which ends up are thought-about normal.
Values near the higher or decrease restrict are borderline,
while anything outdoors of these limits is considered irregular.
Thyroidectomy (surgical removing of the thyroid gland) or radioactive ablation (RAI) remedy are commonly used to
treat thyroid cancer. A high Tg stage is an indication that
most cancers cells are nonetheless present after these therapies.
References:
Steroid Testosterone (Lesstagiaires.Com)
Patienten mit Prostatakrebs bekommen oft Medikamente verabreicht, die
die körpereigene Testosteronproduktion hemmen. In einer Studie
erreichte man so einen durchschnittlichen Spiegel von 45,7 Nanogramm pro Deziliter gegenüber der rund zehnfachen Menge
bei gesunden Kontrollprobanden [20]. In einer Studie von Shalendar Bhasin und Kollegen verabreichte man den jungen, männlichen Probanden eine
Menge zwischen 25 und 600 Milligramm Testosteron Enantat pro Woche [14].
Mit 300 und 600 Milligramm lagen die Teilnehmer deutlich über dem
Referenzbereich. Dabei beobachtete man einen dosisabhängigen Anstieg der Muskelmasse mit
zunehmender Testosteronmenge. Einige der Probanden in der Auswertung waren übergewichtig und ein höherer Körperfettanteil ist bei Personen, die kein Krafttraining ausüben, mit
einem höheren Anteil an Muskelmasse assoziiert.
Alkohol, besonders in größeren Mengen, kann die Testosteronproduktion hemmen.
Zwar ist ein Glas Wein oder Bier hin und wieder kein Drawback, doch regelmäßiger oder übermäßiger
Konsum wirkt sich negativ auf deinen Hormonspiegel aus.
Wer seinen Testosteronspiegel optimieren möchte, sollte Alkohol
weitestgehend meiden. Krafttraining ist besonders hilfreich, um den Hormonhaushalt zu unterstützen. [2] Studien zeigen, dass Männer, die
regelmäßig mit Gewichten trainieren, mehr Testosteron ausschütten – insbesondere, wenn
sie zwischen den Sätzen etwa 90 Sekunden Pause einlegen.
Leila Wehrhahn, Diplom-Oecotrophologin, gilt als ausgewiesene Expertin auf dem Gebiet der Ernährungswissenschaften. Ihre akademische Qualifikation gepaart mit umfangreicher praktischer Erfahrung ermöglicht es
ihr, sich auf die Beratung zur optimalen Nahrungsergänzung zu spezialisieren. Durch die Kombination von fundierten ernährungswissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen mit einem anwendungsorientierten Ansatz bietet
sie maßgeschneiderte Empfehlungen zur optimalen Nahrungsergänzung.
Auch bei bestehenden Erkrankungen oder während der Einnahme von Medikamenten sollte vor
der Verwendung ein Arzt konsultiert werden. Schwangere Frauen und Stillende sollten Shilajit vermeiden, da die Sicherheit in diesen Phasen nicht ausreichend untersucht wurde (5).
Vergesse auch vor allem nicht den frischen Granatapfel, der reich an Vitamin C und A ist und deinen Testo-Wert nachweislich erhöht.
Austern enthalten auch Omega-3-Fettsäuren, die normalerweise in Fischen vorkommen [Beleg].
Omega-3 kann Herzkrankheiten, rheumatoider Arthritis und
sogar Depressionen vorbeugen. Laut der Forschung lässt der Testosteronspiegel durch einen Zinkmangel nach [Beleg].
Empfehlenswert ist es, deinen eigenen frischen Granatapfelsaft herzustellen. Kommerziell hergestellte Säfte enthalten oft große Mengen an Zucker und Konservierungsstoffen,
was letztendlich mehr Schaden anrichten kann als es deinem Körper intestine tut.
Aber auch HIV, Nierenerkrankungen und das metabolische Syndrom können das Risiko erhöhen. Weitere Faktor für
einen niedrigen Testosteronspiegel ist neben einer Unterfunktion der Eierstöcke die Entfernung von Eierstöcken und Gebärmutter.
Auch für biologisch aktives, freies Testosteron gibt es keinen allgemein anerkannten Wert.
Es besteht Einigkeit, dass freie Testosteronwerte unter 225 pmol/L (pg/mL) angezeigt sind, um eine
Testosteronbehandlung zu unterstützen. SHGB ist ein Bluteiweißstoff, der in der Leber gebildet wird
und testosteron kur plan muskelaufbau, Dihydrotestosteron (DHT) sowie
Östrogen im Blut bindet, speichert und auch transportiert.
Obwohl Testosteron als das „männliche” Geschlechtshormon betrachtet wird, produzieren auch Frauen kleine Mengen in den Eierstöcken und Nebennieren. Höhere Testosteronspiegel bei Frauen können zu einer Verbesserung der Libido, Stimmung und Muskelmasse beitragen. Zink ist ein weiteres wichtiges Mineral, das besonders für seine Rolle bei der Immunfunktion, der Zellteilung und dem allgemeinen Wachstum bekannt ist. Die Verbindung zwischen Zink und Testosteron ist besonders stark; Zinkmangel wurde mit einem niedrigeren Testosteronspiegel in Verbindung gebracht. Die Rolle bestimmter Vitamine und Mineralien bei der Aufrechterhaltung und potenziellen Erhöhung des Testosteronspiegels ist signifikant und wird durch eine Reihe wissenschaftlicher Studien unterstützt.
Folgende Lebensmittel sind dafür bekannt, dein Testosteron stark senken zu können. Um das Testosteron zu steigern, sollte der Fokus auf einfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren liegen. Mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren oder Transfette sollten (wenn möglich) reduziert werden.
Sie enthalten reichlich Omega-3-Fettsäuren (8616 mg / a hundred g), welche die Testosteronproduktion positiv beeinflussen, sowie eine große Menge an Zink (5150 µg Zink /100 g). Dies ist ein regelrechter Testosteron-Booster, da es für die Produktion von Testosteron benötigt wird. Der relative Einfluss des Testosteronspiegels auf den Muskelaufbau ist dagegen minimal. Ein höherer Wert im Blut sorgt zwar für mehr Grundmuskelmasse, steigert aber nicht die Price des prozentualen Zuwachses, von der Grundmuskelmasse ausgehend. Keine der bisher betrachteten Untersuchungen gibt uns eine Aussage darüber, ob Variationen innerhalb des recht breiten Referenzbereiches vom Testosteronspiegel den Muskelaufbau beeinflussen.
Meeresfrüchte können eine gesunde und leckere Ergänzung zu deiner Ernährung sein, die sich positiv auf deinen Testosteronspiegel auswirken kann. Es gibt viele Meeresfrüchte, die reich an Nährstoffen sind, die für einen gesunden Testosteronspiegel wichtig sind. Es kann additionally empfehlenswert sein, Hafer in deine Ernährung aufzunehmen, um deinen Testosteronspiegel zu erhöhen und deine männliche Gesundheit zu verbessern.
Gabrielle Kassel (she/her) is a queer intercourse educator and wellness
journalist who is dedicated to serving to individuals feel the most
effective they’ll in their our bodies. In addition to Healthline, her work has appeared in publications such as Form,
Cosmopolitan, Well+Good, Health, Self, Women’s Well Being, Greatist, and more!
In her free time, Gabrielle can be found coaching CrossFit, reviewing pleasure merchandise,
mountaineering together with her border collie, or recording episodes of the podcast she co-hosts called Bad In Mattress.
Your clinician may also have certain requirements
before they may permit you to move ahead with testosterone remedy.
The extent of these changes is dependent upon the
dosage, which varies based mostly on the degree of change
you’re after.
A healthcare supplier will usually conduct blood exams to measure the person’s testosterone ranges.
This information is essential in figuring out the
beginning dosage and frequency of testosterone injections.
In conclusion, trans males typically start to see vital
adjustments of their look and physical characteristics throughout the first few months to
years of starting hormone therapy. Adjustments similar
to acne, voice deepening, fats distribution, facial hair progress, body hair growth,
and clitoral development occur over time and differ from person to person.
We offer glorious care and supply evidence-based medical updates and information. The most important part of this
process includes listening to what your particular gender goals are in order
that we are ready to adjust your plan accordingly. While labs are necessary instruments, we don’t
base medical choices solely on lab numbers. We take a holistic perspective to evaluate the
safest and best plan for you.
DHT is a metabolite of testosterone and is not to be confused with Testogel or Androgel, as it’s more potent.
In conclusion, whether or not you’re exploring testosterone therapy out of curiosity or necessity, understanding the
journey helps set practical expectations. Norouzi adds that till extra
studies could be done displaying the long-term advantages are value the
fee and dangers, it’s greatest to avoid utilizing TRT for obscure symptoms.
The degree and rate of physical effects depends on the dose and route of administration, in addition to patient-specific elements
similar to age, genetics, physique habitus and way of life.
Another potential risk of testosterone injections is the suppression of
natural testosterone production. Common injections of exogenous testosterone can suppress the body’s pure manufacturing of the hormone.
It is essential to work carefully with a medical
professional to watch hormone ranges and regulate the dosage as needed.
It is necessary to comply with the beneficial injection schedule and not deviate without consulting
a healthcare skilled.
Your testosterone injection equipment probably got here
with two needles — a bigger one, 18 gauge, and a smaller one, 25 gauge.
Use the larger of the two, the 18 gauge, to attract the testosterone from the vial into the syringe.
Once you might have secured the larger needle to the syringe, take away the protective cap.
Then depending in your dosage, draw air into the needle till the plunger is at your prescribed dose.
Now, with the vial nonetheless upright, pierce the highest of the vial with the
needle, and inject that same quantity of air as your dose into
the vial. In a clean motion flip the vile the wrong method up, with the needle still in it, and slowly draw the testosterone
again into the syringe to the desired dosage.
These can embrace changes to reproductive organs, elevated threat of sure health circumstances corresponding to cardiovascular disease
or osteoporosis, and potential impression on fertility. It
is essential for trans men to work intently with their healthcare providers to watch and handle these
potential risks. Testosterone injection is a typical type of hormone therapy for individuals transitioning from female to male (FTM).
The goal of testosterone remedy is to induce male secondary sexual characteristics and
to alleviate some of the gender dysphoria experienced by people with gender id disorder.
Earlier Than beginning hormone therapy, trans adolescents endure complete evaluation and counselling with a team of psychological health professionals and medical docs who
specialise in transgender health. This helps guarantee young individuals
understand the potential advantages, limitations, dangers, and long-term implications of therapy.
Before beginning hormone remedy, trans adolescents endure comprehensive assessment and counseling with a group of psychological health professionals and medical docs who focus on transgender
well being.
It is necessary to weigh the potential benefits in opposition to the risks and work closely
with a healthcare skilled to reduce any potential unwanted effects.
Each particular person is completely different,
and reactions to testosterone therapy can vary, so it is crucial to have open and honest communication with a healthcare provider
throughout the therapy process. It is important to
work with a healthcare provider to determine the suitable dosage,
frequency, and timing of testosterone administration for optimal results.
The most common methodology of testosterone administration for female-to-male transgender people is intramuscular injections.
The precise dosage and frequency may differ relying on elements corresponding to
individual hormone ranges and desired modifications.
Throughout this depressive state, folks often turn to substances similar to alcohol for consolation. To
maintain your testosterone ranges from dropping and avoid infertility problems, it may be very important talk to your physician about your
alcoholism and take better care of your body. The perception is that taking it
on a more regular foundation compared to as quickly as a week or once every two weeks offers a lower threat of increased estrogen. We know that peak ranges of testosterone are round
24 hours (up to hours) after injection. Gender transition could be a time
of main change in your home, social and how anabolic steroids work life,
which might impact your mood or psychological health. Speaking to a therapist, assist group, or other trans and
genderqueer folks may help ease such changes by providing support and validation of your
experience. If you don’t at present have other trans
folks in your life, seek for online boards to share ideas and
experiences.
Some people could eventually have the flexibility to lower the frequency to bi-weekly and even monthly injections.
To illustrate the method of determining the suitable dosage and frequency of testosterone injections, let’s consider an instance.
John, a 45-year-old man, presents with symptoms of low testosterone,
together with fatigue, decreased libido, and muscle weakness.
One Other issue that can influence the frequency of testosterone
injections is the person’s particular symptoms and response to
the treatment. Some individuals might experience speedy testosterone metabolism, which means their
our bodies break down the hormone extra quickly than traditional.
La carence en testostérone est un problème de santé qui peut avoir
des répercussions significatives sur la qualité de vie.
En étant conscient des symptômes et des causes, il est potential de prendre
des mesures proactives pour y remédier. Les changements de mode de vie, associés à des traitements médicaux appropriés, peuvent aider
à restaurer l’équilibre hormonal et à améliorer le bien-être
général. Si vous pensez souffrir d’une carence en testostérone, il est essential de consulter
un professionnel de la santé pour un diagnostic et un traitement adaptés.
La testostérone joue un rôle crucial dans la santé globale des femmes, en particulier dans la santé reproductive, musculaire et osseuse.
Les hormones sexuelles chez les femmes, y compris la testostérone, sont
responsables de multiples fonctions dans le corps, et tout
déséquilibre hormonal peut avoir un impression négatif sur la santé et le bien-être général.
Bien que la testostérone soit dominante chez les hommes, les femmes en ont
besoin pour le bon fonctionnement de leur système reproductif.
La testostérone joue un rôle essential dans le corps des femmes, bien qu’elle soit souvent associée
à la masculinité. Elle contribue de manière significative à la régulation du métabolisme, favorisant
ainsi la combustion des graisses et maintenant un poids
corporel sain. De plus, la testostérone est essentielle pour la croissance et le maintien de la masse musculaire, ce qui peut aider à prévenir la perte musculaire liée
à l’âge. La régulation de la testostérone chez les femmes est essentielle pour maintenir un équilibre hormonal optimum.
Les exercices cardiovasculaires, tels que la course à pied, la natation,
le cyclisme et la danse, peuvent également contribuer à maintenir des niveaux optimaux de testostérone chez les femmes.
Il est recommandé de combiner à la fois l’entraînement en pressure et les exercices cardiovasculaires
dans une routine d’activité physique régulière.
Enfin, certains nutriments spécifiques jouent un rôle clé
dans la régulation de la testostérone. Le zinc,
présent dans les fruits de mer, les légumes verts à feuilles, les graines
de citrouille et les noix, est essentiel pour la manufacturing et la libération de testostérone.
Le magnésium, présent dans les légumes verts, les légumineuses, les grains entiers et les fruits secs, est également essential pour le métabolisme
hormonal. Les vitamines B, trouvées dans les céréales complètes, les légumes verts à feuilles et les produits laitiers, sont nécessaires au
bon fonctionnement des glandes endocrines.
L’intégration d’exercices physiques réguliers, d’une alimentation équilibrée et d’une bonne gestion du stress peut naturellement augmenter les niveaux de testostérone.
La musculation, en particulier, est efficace pour améliorer la masse musculaire et l’équilibre
hormonal. La testostérone est traditionnellement considérée comme l’hormone sexuelle « mâle ».
Notre blog contient un article intitulé «Les normes de testostérone chez l’homme», qui vous permettra d’en savoir plus sur son significance et son influence
sur l’organisme masculin. Cependant, elle est également
présente dans le corps de la femme, bien qu’en quantités beaucoup plus faibles.
Ces conditions incluent, sans s’y limiter, les maladies
de la thyroïde et le stress chronique. En tant qu’hormone sexuelle,
une faible focus de testostérone peut avoir un impact considérable sur la vie sociale des femmes.
Pour commencer, une faible libido et une insatisfaction sexuelle réduite peuvent mettre à mal les relations et entraîner
d’autres problèmes secondaires tels que le divorce.
Des règles irrégulières causées par une faible concentration de testostérone dans l’organisme peuvent rendre difficile la conception d’un enfant.
Par conséquent, cela peut influencer la façon dont les femmes planifient leur vie familiale.
Les problèmes de fertilité peuvent conduire les individus à
des dépendances telles Est-ce que faire de l’exercice augmente le
taux de testostérone ? [https://abantarabar.ir/employer/quest-ce-que-le-test-de-phosphatase-alk/]
l’abus de drogues, ce qui peut gravement nuire à leur
réputation et entraver leurs objectifs de progression de carrière.
Enfin, cette affection peut entraîner des contraintes financières, surtout si elle est mal diagnostiquée.
Par exemple, un excès de testostérone peut entraîner une baisse ou une perte de libido, des humeurs erratiques, des cycles menstruels irréguliers
et un amincissement des cheveux. Ces problèmes
peuvent entraîner des problèmes d’estime de soi qui peuvent affecter la vie
quotidienne des femmes. Cet article se concentre sur les causes, les effets et
le traitement potential d’un faible taux de testostérone chez les femmes.
Lorsque les médecins diagnostiquent un faible taux de testostérone chez
les femmes, ils doivent effectuer des checks pour exclure d’autres
affections et circumstances de santé qui présentent des problèmes similaires.
Des affections telles que le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) déclenchent
la sécrétion extreme de testostérone, provoquant un déséquilibre hormonal.
En conclusion, le déficit de testostérone chez les femmes peut être causé par
divers facteurs et entraîner des symptômes spécifiques.
Il est crucial de diagnostiquer cette situation et
de mettre en place un traitement approprié afin de prévenir les effets indésirables sur la santé des femmes.
La régulation de la testostérone et la gestion du déséquilibre hormonal
sont des éléments essentiels pour maintenir une bonne santé chez les femmes.
Il est essentiel de surveiller les niveaux de testostérone chez les
femmes et de prendre des mesures pour réguler tout déséquilibre hormonal.
En cas de symptômes liés à un déficit de testostérone, il est recommandé de consulter
un professionnel de la santé pour un diagnostic approprié
et un traitement adapté.
En adoptant ces habitudes de vie saines, vous pouvez contribuer à la régulation naturelle de la testostérone chez les femmes et favoriser votre bien-être général.
Des effets secondaires plus graves peuvent également survenir, mais ils sont moins fréquents.
Ces effets secondaires doivent être surveillés de près et signalés immédiatement à un professionnel de la santé.
La prévention vise à maintenir la santé globale et à traiter
les problèmes médicaux sous-jacents. Le diagnostic implique généralement des analyses de sang pour mesurer les niveaux d’hormones.
Les symptômes peuvent inclure de la fatigue, une diminution de la libido et des changements d’humeur.
Une testostérone équilibrée peut contribuer
à améliorer la santé sexuelle en augmentant la libido et en favorisant la satisfaction sexuelle.
La testostérone est sécrétée par les glandes sexuelles, mais elle est
également produite en petites quantités par les glandes surrénales.
Cette hormone est étroitement liée à la fertilité,
à la libido, à la croissance musculaire, à la densité osseuse, à l’humeur et à de nombreux autres elements de la santé physique et mentale.
Les symptômes d’un déficit de testostérone chez les
femmes peuvent inclure la perte de cheveux, la
baisse de la libido, l’infertilité, l’ostéoporose,
la perte de masse musculaire, la fatigue et les sauts
d’humeur. Les glandes surrénales jouent un rôle capital en aidant
l’organisme à maintenir l’équilibre hormonal.
Si vous souhaitez lire plus d’articles semblables à Symptômes d’un faible taux de
testostérone, nous vous recommandons de consulter la catégorie Santé de la
Famille. Le déficit en testostérone chez les
femmes peut être causé par plusieurs facteurs, tels que le vieillissement, des problèmes de santé sous-jacents, l’utilisation de certains médicaments,
etc. Des tumeurs surrénaliennes ou ovariennes peuvent aussi en être la trigger.
Un suivi médical régulier est vital pendant la supplémentation en testostérone.
Cependant, il n’est pas nécessaire que vous soyez confronté à tous les effets secondaires ci-dessus, automobile
cela dépend de divers facteurs tels que votre âge, votre sexe, la posologie de
Sustanon 250 et le cycle de Sustanon 250. Vous pouvez
surmonter tous les effets secondaires avec une protection et une thérapie post-cure.
Tous sont des dérivés de l’hormone sexuelle masculine (testostérone),
qui est naturellement produite dans le corps.
Pour la testostérone masculine, les hormones sont primordiales automotive elles
jouent un rôle vital dans diverses caractéristiques de croissance et masculines.
Comme tous les autres produits stéroïdiens, Sustanon 250 comporte également différents avantages et risques,
ce guide vous aidera donc à trouver tous les avantages
et risques Sustanon 250 populaires qui y sont associés.
Malheureusement, il n’est pas attainable de
déterminer la quantité d’IA nécessaire pour
un cycle. L’apparition d’effets secondaires à un niveau donné d’oestradiol est déterminée par la génétique
et l’équilibre T/E.
Le Sustanon 250 est une forme injectable de stéroïde testostérone
Il est utilisé pour traiter les hommes qui souffrent de faibles niveaux de testostérone.
Ce composé est largement utilisé pour la thérapie de
remplacement de la testostérone (TRT). Le Sustanon 250 est un mélange de quatre variantes
différentes d’esters de testostérone. La testostérone est exactement la
même sur chaque ester, ce qui fait de Sustanon 250 un composé
de testostérone pur. Vous pouvez acheter des stéroïdes Sustanon 250 dans les différents magasins en ligne.
Les bodybuilders et les athlètes utilisent le Sustanon 250
pour augmenter leur masse musculaire et augmenter leur pressure.
Lorsque vous effectuez correctement les cures de Sustanon 250 avec la bonne pile, vous améliorerez la musculation.
Alors que le Sustanon est à la fois nocif et illégal, le Testo-Max
est une various légale qui contient des ingrédients one hundred pc naturels pour booster vos
niveaux d’hormone testostérone. Il fournit à
votre corps ce dont il a besoin pour produire naturellement de la testostérone sans effets secondaires indésirables.
Si vous prenez de fortes doses de testostérone avec Sustanon, cela peut produire divers effets secondaires qui affectent
votre santé.
C’est un autre effet secondaire inévitable de l’utilisation de ces
médicaments. Parce que ces injections peuvent affecter la manufacturing naturelle de testostérone, elles n’auront aucun effet pendant le
cycle. Pourtant, une fois que vous arrêtez la dose de Sustanon ou à la
fin du cycle, cela peut supprimer le niveau de testostérone.
Les injections de Sustanon 250 sont prescrites aux hommes dont le taux de testostérone naturel est faible, en tant que booster de testostérone ou
en tant que traitement de remplacement de la testostérone.
Un niveau trop faible d’oestradiol pendant un cycle ne
peut être causé que par des doses excessives d’inhibiteurs de
l’aromatase. Malheureusement, un grand nombre de personnes ont peur de la gynécomastie ou de l’acné et décident de
commencer une IA dès le début du cycle.
La testostérone joue un rôle very important dans la libido,
la production de sperme, le dysfonctionnement
de l’érection et le fonctionnement de la prostate et
d’autres constructions reproductives.
Il est conseillé de faire pivoter le website d’injection, ce qui permet d’éviter les douleurs et les irritations.
La plupart des gens injectent ces injections dans les muscular tissues qui
comprennent les muscular tissues fessiers ou les fesses, le vaste
latéral ou la cuisse et le deltoïde. En fait, la testostérone
semble être l’un des stéroïdes les moins destructeurs d’un point
de vue cardiovasculaire. La testostérone est la principale hormone essentielle à la croissance musculaire, au développement et au fonctionnement normal
des organes sexuels masculins et des caractéristiques sexuelles
masculines.
Ce qui peut augmenter la pression artérielle et ainsi augmenter le risque d’accident
cardiovasculaire. Cependant, cet effet est léger comparé aux
autres stéroïdes anabolisants androgènes.
Les niveaux très élevés et faibles d’estradiol provoquent des
effets secondaires. Étant donné que les premiers effets de niveaux d’œstrogènes trop
faibles et trop élevés sont très souvent similaires,
les débutants en stéroïdes ont souvent du mal à identifier la trigger du problème.
Il a également des fonctions dans le système
nerveux central, la peau, les muscular tissues, les reins, le squelette, le foie et la moelle
osseuse. Le magasin était auparavant présent sous le domaine .com, mais en raison de problèmes juridiques, il a
dû suspendre son activité pendant plusieurs années.
Une grande partie des produits qu’ils proposent proviennent de pharmacies (PCT, Aromatase Inhibitors, Cabaser, etc.)
et les stéroïdes disponibles proviennent de grands fabricants européens.
Des features importants en matière d’hypertrophie (taille) et de drive peuvent être obtenus avec des doses plus faibles chez les débutants, car les muscular tissues sont particulièrement réceptifs à la testostérone exogène.
Ainsi, les débutants devraient éviter d’utiliser des
dosages élevés, ce qui laisse plus de potentiel de croissance dans les cycles futurs, où des dosages plus élevés peuvent
être incorporés. L’apport Quelles Cellules Produisent De La TestostéRone ? Quizlet testostérone exogène augmente la testostérone totale
mais réduit voir supprime les niveaux de testostérone endogène,
provoquant une atrophie testiculaire potentielle
(rétrécissement). Ainsi, à la fin d’un cycle, veillez à toujours suivre une thérapie post-cycle appropriée pour faciliter la récupération de la production hormonale naturelle.
La principale différence entre le Sustanon 250 et les autres produits à base de testostérone est qu’il contient four esters, au lieu
d’un seul.
Elle assure une libération plus rapide de la substance,
de sorte que les premiers effets du cycle sont visibles plus rapidement.
Avec cette méthode, vous pouvez injecter même 2-3 ml
de la answer en une seule fois. Le problème du niveau trop faible
d’estradiol est beaucoup plus facile à éliminer –
il suffit d’arrêter la prise d’IA et le niveau d’estradiol
reviendra à la normale en quelques jours.
Comme pour tous les stéroïdes avec effet anabolisant, comme la Nandrolone, le Primobolan ou le Turinabol, la tolérance diffère d’une personne à l’autre.
Il existe de nombreuses variantes de la molécule de testostérone « de
base » qui ont été formulées au fil des ans, mais
la plus connue de toutes est le tout-puissant Sustanon 250.
Il a une qualité distinctive et est célèbre pour sa puissante fonctionnalité.
Sustanon 250 est un stéroïde de longue durée, donc les gens ont besoin moins fréquemment injections
par rapport aux esters de testostérone simples.
It¦s really a nice and useful piece of info. I¦m satisfied that you just shared this useful information with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
cheap clomiphene pills how can i get clomiphene no prescription cost clomid prices where to get generic clomiphene tablets get cheap clomiphene without a prescription can you get clomiphene pills buying generic clomid tablets
More articles like this would pretence of the blogosphere richer.
Thanx for the effort, keep up the good work Great work, I am going to start a small Blog Engine course work using your site I hope you enjoy blogging with the popular BlogEngine.net.Thethoughts you express are really awesome. Hope you will right some more posts.