| Beginner | Advanced | Example Sentences |
| To begin, To start, | To commence, | To begin, it is important to consider how this issue affects society. To commence, this essay will examine how this issue affects different aspects of society. |
| First, Firstly, | First of all, | First, lots of young people like to spend time on social media. First of all, many adolescents spend copious amounts of leisure time on social media. |
| Overall, | On the whole, | Overall, I disagree that shopping is a harmful activity. On the whole, shopping has few negative effects and, in fact, does much good for the economy. |
| In general, | Generally speaking, | In general, too much screen time hurts children. Generally speaking, excessive screen time can have negative effects on children. |
| Importantly, | Crucially, | Importantly, many young people have easy jobs when they first graduate. Crucially, most entry-level jobs tend to involve primarily low-difficulty tasks. |
9L TIPS:
| Beginner | Advanced | Example Sentences |
| I think… | From my point of view, | I think people who work should make more of an effort to exercise. From my point of view, exercising is vital for those who have full-time employment. |
| For me, | Admittedly, | For me, it can be difficult to put a screen down. Admittedly, minimising screen time presents its own problems. |
| I feel… | As far as I am concerned, | I feel that streaming movies is a good way to watch them. As far as I am concerned, streaming movies is a perfectly valid, even ideal, way to view them. |
| I believe… | My opinion on the matter is… | I believe that children should go to school before kindergarten. My opinion on the matter is that early childhood education should be begun as early as possible. |
| I am sure… | I am convinced… | I am sure that contactless credit cards will be more popular. I am convinced that contactless payment is the chosen payment method of the future. |
9L TIPS:
| Beginner | Advanced Band 9 | Example Sentences |
| Second, | Likewise, | Second, science helps students develop reasoning skills. Likewise, the reasoning skills that students learn in science courses will assist them in a variety of other disciplines. |
| Also, | In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, | Also, some students can’t access a computer. Furthermore, students with fewer resources or outside of an urban center may be unable to access a computer. Moreover, students with fewer resources or outside of an urban center may be unable to access a computer. |
| But, | Nevertheless, However, | But researchers who publish their work also have rights. Nevertheless, it is also important to keep in mind the authorial rights of researchers. However, it is also important to keep in mind the authorial rights of researchers. |
| And, | In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, | And without healthcare for everyone, people are less able to work full-time. Furthermore, universal healthcare has beneficial effects on the national economy. Moreover, universal healthcare has beneficial effects on the national economy. |
| On the other hand, | Conversely, | On the other hand, some students can’t access a computer. Conversely, students with fewer resources or outside of an urban center may be unable to access a computer. |
9L TIPS:
| Beginner | Advanced | Example Sentences |
| For example, | Evidence for this appears in… | For example, I make internet purchases when I am busy. Evidence for this appears in my own life: I am far more likely to purchase items online when under pressure at work. |
| One example is… | A good illustration of this is… | One example of a superhero series with family values is Umbrella Academy. A good illustration of a superhero series that depicts strong family values is Umbrella Academy. |
| For instance, | One piece of evidence for this is… | For instance, learning a second language can help you think differently. One piece of evidence for this is that studies have shown learning a second language changes the structure of the human brain, making it more efficient. |
| Such as | One excellent example of this is… | It is important to spend money to maintain infrastructure, such as highways. Maintaining infrastructure is vital to an area’s economy and is well worth the cost. One excellent example of this is highways. |
| The best example of X is… | The primary example that shows X is… | The best example of an overcrowded city is New York. The primary example that shows that urban overcrowding drives up housing prices is New York City. |
9L TIPS:
| Beginner | Advanced Band 9 | Example Sentences |
| Finally, | In conclusion, | Finally, the arts are important to learning creativity. In conclusion, putting money into teaching the arts is the same as putting money into teaching our children to think creatively. |
| Overall, | To summarise, | Overall, technological advances are a good thing for society. To summarise, technological advances benefit society in numerous ways. |
| In the end, | On balance, | In the end, governments should make more public health laws. On balance, the governmental implementation of more public health laws would benefit the population as a whole. |
| Last, | Therefore, | Last, working too long can affect your health. Therefore, spending too long at work can have negative health effects. |
| That said, | Taking the evidence into consideration, | That said, spending money on the arts is not a waste. Taking the evidence into consideration, public expenditure on the arts is money well spent. |
9L TIPS:
| Listing | Giving examples |
| firstly, secondly, thirdly | for example |
| first, furthermore, finally | for instance |
| to begin, to conclude | as follows: |
| next | that is |
| Reinforcement | in this case |
| also | namely |
| furthermore | in other words |
| moreover | Result/consequence |
| what is more | so |
| in addition | therefore |
| besides | as a result/consequence |
| above all | accordingly |
| as well (as) | consequently |
| in the same way | because of this/that |
| not only … but also | thus |
| Similarity | hence |
| equally | for this/that reason |
| likewise | so that |
| similarly | in that case |
| correspondingly | under these circumstances |
| in the same way | Deduction |
| Transition to new point | then |
| now, | in other words |
| as far as x is concerned | in that case |
| with regard/reference to | otherwise |
| as for … | this implies that … |
| it follows that | if so/not |
| turning to | Stating the obvious |
| Summary | obviously |
| in conclusion | clearly |
| to conclude | naturally |
| in brief | of course |
| to summarise | as can be expected |
| overall | surely |
| therefore | after all |
| Generalising | Expressing an alternative |
| in general | alternatively |
| generally | rather |
| on the whole | on the other hand |
| as a rule | the alternative is |
| for the most part | another possibility would be |
| in most cases | Contrast |
| usually | instead |
| Highlighting | conversely |
| in particular | on the contrary |
| particularly | in contrast |
| especially | in comparison |
| mainly | Concession (smth unexpected) |
| Reformulation | even though |
| in other words | however |
| rather | however much |
| to put it more simply | nevertheless |
| still | |
| yet |
Types of changes
| Nouns | Description of changes |
| a rise (of) | Adverbs |
| an increase (of) | sharply |
| a growth (of) | suddenly |
| a peak (of) | rapidly |
| a surge (of) | abruptly |
| Example: a rise of prices | dramatically |
| significantly | |
| a fall (in) | considerably |
| a decrease (in) | markedly |
| a decline (in) | wildly |
| a dip (in) | Example: the prices rose sharply |
| Example: a fall in prices | |
| slightly | |
| a fluctuation (of) | gently |
| a variation (in) | gradually |
| Example: a fluctuation of prices | steadily |
| modestly | |
| Verbs | marginally |
| to rise | Example: the prices increased modestly |
| to increase | Adjectives |
| to surge | sharp |
| to grow | sudden |
| to peak | rapid |
| Large rises: | abrupt |
| to rocket | dramatic |
| to soar | steep |
| to leap (->leapt) | significant |
| considerable | |
| to fall | marked |
| to decrease | substantial |
| to decline | spectacular |
| to dip | Example: there was a considerable growth |
| to dive | slight |
| to plunge | gentle |
| Large falls: | gradual |
| to plummet | steady |
| to fluctuate | consistent |
| to vary | modest |
| marginal | |
| Example: there was a gradual decline |
Part Two: Beginner to Advanced word list
List 1
| Words 1-10 | Words 11-20 | Words 21-30 | Words 31-40 | Words 41-50 |
| achieve administration affect analysis approach appropriate area aspects assistance assume | authority available benefit category community complex concerning conclusion conduct consequence | consistent constitutional consumer context create culture data definition destructive discovery | distinction economic element environment error equation establish estimate evaluation evidence | factors feature final financial focus function global identify impact income |
| Words 51-60 | Words 61-70 | Words 71-80 | Words 81-90 | Words 91-100 |
| indicate individual injury investment involve issue item legal maintenance major | media method modern normal obtain restrict occur participation percent period | policy positive potential previous primary process purchase range recent region | regulations relevant require research resident resources response sector security significant | similar solution source specific strategy structure theory threat traditional transport |
List 2
| Words 1-10 | Words 11-20 | Words 21-30 | Words 31-40 | Words 41-50 |
| access activity alter alternative amendment annual apparent application approximate artificial | attitude aware capacity challenge circumstance comment communication concentration conflict considerable | constant contact contribution core correspond criteria cycle debate decline deduction | demonstrate despite dimension domestic dominant emerge emphasis enable energy enforcement | ensure equivalent evolution exclude exposure external facilitate fundamental funds generation |
| Words 51-60 | Words 61-70 | Words 71-80 | Words 81-90 | Words 91-100 |
| hence hypothesis illustrate image immigration implement initial integration layer legislation | location logic marginal maximum mechanism medical mental modification negative network | occupation option orientation outcome overall parallel perspective philosophy precise predict | project promote proportion psychology reaction remove resolution specify stability subsequent | sufficient summary supply task technique technology transition trend version volume |
List 3
| Words 1-10 | Words 11-20 | Words 21-30 | Words 31-40 | Words 41-50 |
| abstract accurate acknowledge adaptation adequate adjust adult advocate aid attribute | author brief capable civil classical comprehensive contrary coordination couple decades | definite deny discrimination disposal diversity domain dynamic eliminate equipment estate | exceed expansion expert fees flexibility foundation gender global grade guarantee | identical ignorance imply incentive incorporated index infrastructure inhibition innovation instance |
| Words 51-60 | Words 61-70 | Words 71-80 | Words 81-90 | Words 91-100 |
| instruction intelligence interact interval investigation isolated justification lecture liberal migration | minimum monitoring motivation neutral obvious overseas parameter phenomenon prohibit publish | pursue rational recovery reject release reveal role satisfy scope sequence | simulation solely somewhat status stress style substitution successive survey survive | sustainable symbolic topic trace transformation ultimate underline unique utility visible |
List 4
| Words 1-10 | Words 11-20 | Words 21-30 | Words 31-40 | Words 41-50 |
| accommodation accompany advance analogous anticipate appendix appreciate arbitrary assure automatically | behalf bias cease chart clarity coherence coincide commodity confirm contemporary | contradict controversy conversely cooperate crucial currency denote detect deviation device | devote differentiation diminish displacement display distorted dramatic duration ethical eventually | exhibit explicit exploitation extract federal fluctuations format founded guidelines highlighted |
| Words 51-60 | Words 61-70 | Words 71-80 | Words 81-90 | Words 91-100 |
| implicit incompatible induce inevitably inherent intensity intermediate internal manual mature | medium military mutual norms notion nuclear objective paragraph passive perceive | portion precede predominantly priority prospect qualitative radical random reinforce relax | revision revolution scenario schedule sphere suspended target team temporary tension | theme thereby uniform validity vehicle via violation virtual vision widespread |
List 5
| Words 1-10 | Words 11-20 | Words 21-30 | Words 31-40 | Words 41-50 |
| abandon abate abrupt accumulation acquisition adjacent aggregate albeit ambiguous ancestor | assembly assessment assign attain avert coal collapse colleagues combat commit | compile complement comprise conceive concurrent confined conform confuse consciousness convinced | creditable deceive depression derive distribution divergent doubt drastic election empirical | encounter enhance enormous entirely entrepreneur erosion forbearance forthcoming frustration goal |
| Words 51-60 | Words 61-70 | Words 71-80 | Words 81-90 | Words 91-100 |
| homogenous inclination indulge infer initiative insight inspection integral intervention intrinsic | invoke justify likewise link manage manipulation merge nonetheless notwithstanding odd | ongoing overlap persistent pose possess preliminary presumption ratio refine relate | reluctant restore restraint rigid route sacrifice scale so-called straightforward subordinate | substantiate supplementary sympathy termination transmission undergo unify vital voluntary whereby |
Part Three: Beginner to Advanced Some issues
Stating Your Opinion
| In my opinion, | According to me, |
| In my view, | To me, |
| From my point of view, | I think |
| It seems to me that | I believe |
| From my perspective | To my way of thinking |
| It appears that | I suppose |
| I realize | I understand |
| I imagine | I feel |
Giving Examples
| For example, | For instance, |
| such as | In other words, |
| as | like |
| that is | namely |
| To illustrate | To paraphrase |
Comparing
| Similar to | As…as |
| in common | also |
| Either…or | In the same way, |
| Neither…nor | At the same time |
| Just as | resemble |
Contrasting
| However, | But |
| On the contrary, | On the other hand, |
| Differ from | Nevertheless |
| Although | Though |
| Otherwise | Instead |
| Alternatively, | Even though |
Generalizing
| Generally, | Generally speaking, |
| Overall, | On the whole, |
| In general, | By and large, |
| It seems to me that | I believe |
| All in all, | Basically, |
| Essentially, | As a rule, |
| All things considered | For the most part |
Expressing Certainty
| Certainly, | Undoubtedly, |
| Doubtless, | No doubt, |
| Definitely, | Of course, |
Expressing Partial Agreement
| More or less, | To some extent, |
| Up to a point, | Almost, |
| In a way, | So to speak, |
Showing cause
| Due to | Because |
| Because of | Owing to |
Showing effect
| Therefore, | As a result, |
| Consequently, | For this reason, |
| Thus, | So, |
| thereby | Eventually, |
| Hence, | The reason why |
Marking time
| First, | Last |
| Second, | Lastly, |
| Third, | Then, |
| Firstly, | First of all, |
| Secondly, | Before |
| Thirdly, | After |
| During | While |
| To begin with | At the same time |
| Simultaneously | After this / that |
| Since | Meanwhile |
| Afterwards | Following this |
| When | As soon as |
Adding Information
| Furthermore | In addition |
| Also | And |
| Moreover | Similarly |
| Likewise | As well as |
| Besides | Too |
| Even | What’s more |
Expressing condition
| If | Whether |
| In case | Unless |
| Provided that | So that |
Concluding
| To summarize | In conclusion |
| Lastly, | Finally, |
| To conclude with, | In short, |
How to Start Writing
| Starting | Presentation Type | Verb | escription |
| The/ the given / the supplied / the presented / the shown / the provided | diagram / table / figure / illustration / graph / chart / flow chart / picture/ presentation/ pie chart / bar graph/ column graph / line graph / table data/ data / information / pictorial/ process diagram/ map/ pie chart and table/ bar graph and pie chart … | shows / represents / depicts / enumerates / illustrates / presents/ gives / provides / delineates/ outlines/ describes / delineates/ expresses/ denotes/ compares/ shows contrast / indicates / figures / gives data on / gives information on/ presents information about/ shows data about/ demonstrates/ sketch out/ summarises… | the comparison of… the differences… the changes… the number of… information on… data on… the proportion of… the amount of… information on… data about… comparative data… the trend of… the percentages of… the ratio of… how the… |
| Trends | Verb form | Noun Form |
| Increase | rise / increase / go up / uplift / rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ shot up/ improve/ jump/ leap/ move upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge. | a rise / an increase / an upward trend / a growth / a leap / a jump / an improvement/ a climb. |
| Decrease | fall / decrease / decline / plummet / plunge / drop / reduce / collapse / deterioriate/ dip / dive / go down / take a nosedive / slum / slide / go into free-fall. | a fall / a decrease / a reduction / a downward trends /a downward tendency / a decline/ a drop / a slide / a collapse / a downfall. |
| Steadiness | unchanged / level out / remain constant / remain steady / plateau / remain the same / remain stable / remain static | a steadiness/ a plateau / a stability/ a static |
| Gradual increase | ———— | an upward trend / an upward tendency / a ceiling trend |
| Gradual decrease | ———— | a downward trend / a downward tendency / a descending trend |
| Standability/ Flat | level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed) stable / prevail(ed) consistency / plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau / stay(ed) uniform /immutable / level(ed) out/ stabilise/ remain(ed) the same. | No change, a flat, a plateau. |
Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:
| Type of Change | Adverb form | Adjective form |
| Rapid change | dramatically / rapidly / sharply / quickly / hurriedly / speedily / swiftly / significantly/ considerably / substantioally / noticably. | dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick / hurried / speedy / swift / significant / considerable / substantial / noticable. |
| Moderate change | moderately / gradually / progressively / sequentially. | moderate / gradual / progressive / sequential. |
| Steady change | steadily/ ceaselessly. | steady/ ceaseless. |
| Slight change | slightly / slowly / mildly / tediously. | slight / slow / mild / tedious. |
| Conjunction | What Is Linked | Sample Sentences |
| and | noun phrase + noun phrase | We have tickets for the symphony and the opera. |
| but | Sentence + sentence | The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday. |
| or | Verb + verb | Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin? |
| so | Sentence + sentence | I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early. |
| Conjunctions | What Is Linked | Sample Sentence |
| both…and | Subject + subject | Both my sister and my brother play the piano. |
| either…or | Noun + noun | Tonight’s program is either Mozart or Beethoven. |
| neither…nor | Subject + subject | Neither the orchestra nor the chorus was able to overcome the terrible acoustics in the church |
| not only…but also | Sentence + sentence | Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts. |
| Conjunction | Sample Sentence |
| after | We are going out to eat after we go to the concert. |
| since | Since we have lived in Atlanta, we have gone to every exhibit at the High Museum. |
| while | While I was waiting in line for the Matisse Exhibit, I ate my lunch. |
| although | Although the line was long and the wait over two hours, the exhibit was well worth it |
| even if | Even if you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in line. |
| because | I love Matisse’s works because he uses color so brilliantly. |
| Percentages: 10% increase, 25 percent decrease, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 per cent, fall at 50%, reached to 75%, tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5 times higher, 3 timers lower, declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%. |
| Fractions: 4% = A tiny fraction. 24% = Almost a quarter. 25% Exactly a quarter. 26% = Roughly one quarter. 32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third. 49% = Around a half, just under a half. 50% Exactly a half. 51% = Just over a half. 73% = Nearly three quarters. 77% = Approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter. 79% = Well over three quarters. |
| Proportions: 2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion. 4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion. 16% = A small minority, a small portion. 70% = A large proportion. 72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very large proportion. 89% = A very large proportion. |
| Words/ Phrases of Approximation – Vocabulary: |
| Approximately Nearly Roughly Almost About Around More or less Just over Just under Just around Just about Just below A little more than A little less than. |
This post was last modified on 28 March 2024 08:26
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