Listening Test Part 1
Listening Test Part 2
Listening Test Part 3
Listening Test Part 4
OFFICIAL: Hello, Tourist Information Centre, Mike speaking, how can I help you?
WOMAN: Oh, hi. I wanted to find out about cookery classes. I believe there are some one-day classes for tourists?
OFFICIAL: Well, they’re open to everyone, but tourists are always welcome. OK, let me give you some details of what’s available. There are several classes. One very popular one is at the Food Studio. (Example)
WOMAN: OK
OFFICIAL: They focus on seasonal products, and as well as teaching you how to cook them, they also show you how to choose (Q1) them.
WOMAN: Right, that sounds good. How big are the classes?
OFFICIAL: I’m not sure exactly, but they’ll be quite small.
WOMAN: And could I get a private (Q2) lesson there?
OFFICIAL: I think so … let me check, yes, they do offer those. Though in fact most of the people who attend the classes find it’s a nice way of getting to know one another.
WOMAN: I suppose it must be, yes.
OFFICIAL: And this company has a special deal for clients where they offer a discount of 20 percent (Q3) if you return for a further class.
WOMAN: OK. But you said there were several classes?
OFFICIAL: That’s right. Another one you might be interested in is Bond’s Cookery School. They’re quite new, they just opened six months ago, but I’ve heard good things about them. They concentrate on teaching you to prepare healthy (Q4) food, and they have quite a lot of specialist staff.
WOMAN: So is that food for people on a diet and things like that? I don’t know if I’d be interested in that.
OFFICIAL: Well, I don’t think they particularly focus on low calorie diets or weight loss. It’s more to do with recipes that look at specific needs, like including ingredients that will help build up your bones (Q5) and make them stronger, that sort of thing.
WOMAN: I see. Well, I might be interested, I’m not sure. Do they have a website I could check?
OFFICIAL: Yes, just key in the name of the school – it’ll come up. And if you want to know more about them, every Thursday evening they have a lecture (Q6) at the school. It’s free and you don’t need to book or anything, just turn up at 7.30. And that might give you an idea of whether you want to go to an actual class.
—————————
OFFICIAL: OK, there’s one more place you might be interested in. That’s got a rather strange name, it’s called The Arretsa (Q7) Centre – that’s spelled A-R-R-E-T-S-A.
WOMAN: OK.
OFFICIAL: They’ve got a very good reputation. They do a bit of meat and fish cookery but they mostly specialise in vegetarian (Q8) dishes.
WOMAN: Right. That’s certainly an area I’d like to learn more about. I’ve got lots of friends who don’t eat meat. In fact, I think I might have seen that school today. Is it just by the market? (Q9)
OFFICIAL: That’s right. So they don’t have any problem getting their ingredients. They’re right next door. And they also offer a special two-hour course in how to use a knife (Q10). They cover all the different skills – buying them, sharpening, chopping techniques. It gets booked up quickly though so you’d need to check it was available.
WOMAN: Right, well thank you very much. I’ll go and …
Good evening everyone. My name’s Phil Sutton, and I’m chairman of the Highways Committee. We’ve called this meeting to inform members of the public about the new regulations for traffic and parking we’re proposing for Granford. I’ll start by summarising these changes before we open the meeting to questions.
So, why do we need to make these changes to traffic systems in Granford? Well, we’re very aware that traffic is becoming an increasing problem. It’s been especially noticeable with the increase in heavy traffic while they’ve been building the new hospital. But it’s the overall rise in the volume of traffic of all kinds that’s concerning us (Q11). To date there’s not been any increase in traffic accidents, but that’s not something we want to see happen, obviously.
We recently carried out a survey of local residents, and their responses were interesting. People were very concerned about the lack of visibility on some roads due to cars parked along the sides of the roads (Q12). We’d expected complaints about the congestion near the school when parents are dropping off their children or picking them up, but this wasn’t top of the list, and nor were noise and fumes from trucks and lorries, though they were mentioned by some people.
We think these new traffic regulations would make a lot of difference. But we still have a long way to go. We’ve managed to keep our proposals within budget, just, so they can be covered by the Council. But, of course, it’s no good introducing new regulations if we don’t have a way of making sure that everyone obeys them (Q13), and that’s an area we’re still working on with the help of representatives from the police force.
—————–
OK, so this slide shows a map of the central area of Granford, with the High Street in the middle and School Road on the right. Now, we already have a set of traffic lights in the High Street at the junction with Station Road, but we’re planning to have another set at the other end, at the School Road junction (Q14), to regulate the flow or traffic along the High Street.
We’re decided we definitely need a pedestrian crossing. We considered putting this on School Road, just outside the school, but in the end we decided that could lead to a lot of traffic congestion so we decided to locate it on the High Street, crossing the road in front of the supermarket (Q15). That’s a very busy area, so it should help things there.
We’re proposing some changes to parking. At present, parking isn’t allowed on the High Street outside the library, but we’re going to change that, and allow parking there (Q16), but not at the other end of the High Street near School Road.
There’ll be a new ‘No Parking’ sign on School Road, just by the entrance to the school (Q17), forbidding parking for 25 metres. This should improve visibility for drivers and pedestrians, especially on the bend just to the north of the school.
As far as disabled drivers are concerned, at present they have parking outside the supermarket, but lorries also use those spaces, so we’ve got two new disabled parking spaces on the side road up towards the bank (Q18). It’s not ideal, but probably better than the present arrangement.
We also plan to widen the pavement on School Road. We think we can manage to get an extra half-metre on the bend just before you get to the school, on the same side of the road (Q19).
Finally, we’ve introduced new restrictions on loading and unloading for the supermarket, so lorries will only be allowed to stop there before 8 am. That’s the supermarket on School Road (Q20) – we kept to the existing arrangements with the High Street supermarket.
EMMA: We’ve got to choose a topic for our experiment, haven’t we, Jack? Were you thinking of something to do with seeds?
JACK: That’s right. I thought we could look at seed germination – how a seed begins to grow.
EMMA: OK. Any particular reason? I know you’re hoping to work in plant science eventually …
JACK: Yeah, but practically everything we do is going to feed into that. No, there’s an optional module on seed structure and function in the third year that I might do, so I thought it might be useful for that (Q21). If I choose that option, I don’t have to do a dissertation module.
EMMA: Good idea.
JACK: Well, I thought for this experiment we could look at the relationship between seed size and the way the seeds are planted. So, we could plant different sized seeds in different ways, and see which grow best.
EMMA: OK. We’d need to allow time for the seeds to come up (Q22).
JACK: That should be fine if we start now. A lot of the other possible experiments need quite a bit longer.
EMMA: So that’d make it a good one to choose. And I don’t suppose it’d need much equipment; we’re not doing chemical analysis or anything. Though that’s not really an issue, we’ve got plenty of equipment in the laboratory.
JACK: Yeah. We need to have a word with the tutor if we’re going to go ahead with it though. I’m sure our aim’s OK. It’s not very ambitious but the assignment’s only ten percent of our final mark, isn’t it? But we need to be sure we’re the only ones doing it (Q23).
EMMA: Yeah, it’s only five percent actually, but it’d be a bit boring if everyone was doing it.
JACK: Did you read that book on seed germination on our reading list?
EMMA: The one by Graves? I looked through it for my last experiment, though it wasn’t all that relevant there. It would be for this experiment, though. I found it quite hard to follow – lots about the theory, which I hadn’t expected (Q24)
JACK: Yes, I’d been hoping for something more practical. It does include references to the recent findings on genetically-modified seeds, though.
EMMA: Yes, that was interesting.
JACK: I read an article about seed germination by Lee Hall.
EMMA: About seeds that lie in the ground for ages and only germinate after a fire?
JACK: That’s the one. I knew a bit about it already, but not about this research. His analysis of figures comparing the times of the fires and the proportion of seeds that germinated was done in a lot of detail – very impressive (Q25).
EMMA: Was that the article with the illustrations of early stages of plant development? They were very clear.
JACK: I think those diagrams were in another article.
———————–
EMMA: Anyway, shall we have a look at the procedure for our experiment? We’ll need to get going with it quite soon.
JACK: Right. So the first thing we have to do is find our seeds. I think vegetable seeds would be best. And obviously they mustn’t all be the same size. So, how many sorts do we need? About four different ones? (Q26)
EMMA: I think that would be enough. There’ll be quite a large number of seeds for each one.
JACK: Then, for each seed we need to find out how much it weighs (Q27), and also measure its dimensions, and we need to keep a careful record of all that.
EMMA: That’ll be quite time-consuming. And we also need to decide how deep we’re going to plant the seeds (Q28) – right on the surface, a few millimetres down, or several centimetres.
JACK: OK. So then we get planting. Do you think we can plant several seeds together in the same plant pot? (Q29)
EMMA: No, I think we need a different one for each seed.
JACK: Right. And we’ll need to label them – we can use different coloured labels. Then we wait for the seeds to germinate – I reckon that’ll be about three weeks, depending on what the weather’s like. Then we see if our plants have come up, and write down how tall they’ve grown. (Q30)
EMMA: Then all we have to do is look at our numbers, and see if there’s any relation between them.
JACK: That’s right. So …
Hi. Today we’re going to be looking at animals in urban environments and I’m going to be telling you about some research on how they’re affected by these environments.
Now, in evolutionary terms, urban environments represent huge upheavals, the sorts of massive changes that usually happen over millions of years. And we used to think that only a few species could adapt to this new environment. One species which is well known as being highly adaptable is the crow, and there’ve been various studies about how they manage to learn new skills (Q31). Another successful species is the pigeon, because they’re able to perch on ledges on the walls of city buildings, just like they once perched on cliffs by the sea. (Q32).
But in fact, we’re now finding that these early immigrants were just the start of a more general movement of animals into cities, and of adaptation by these animals to city life. And one thing that researchers are finding especially interesting is the speed with which they’re doing this – we’re not talking about gradual evolution here – these animals are changing fast. (Q33)
Let me tell you about some of the studies that have been carried out in this area. So, in the University of Minnesota, a biologist called Emilie Snell-Rood and her colleagues looked at specimens of urbanised small mammals such as mice and gophers that had been collected in Minnesota, and that are now kept in museums there. And she looked at specimens that had been collected over the last hundred years, which is a very short time in evolutionary terms. And she found that during that time, these small mammals had experienced a jump in brain size when compared to rural mammals (Q34). Now, we can’t be sure this means they’re more intelligent, but since the sizes of other parts of the body didn’t change, it does suggest that something cognitive was going on. And Snell-Rood thinks that this change might reflect the cognitive demands of adjusting to city life – having to look in different places to find food, for example, and coping with a whole new set of dangers. (Q35)
Then over in Germany at the Max Planck Institute, there’s another biologist called Catarina Miranda who’s done some experiments with blackbirds living in urban and rural areas. And she’s been looking not at their anatomy but at their behaviour (Q36). So as you might expect, she’s found that the urban blackbirds tend to be quite bold – they’re prepared to face up to a lot of threats that would frighten away their country counterparts. But there’s one type of situation that does seem to frighten the urban blackbirds, and that’s anything new – anything they haven’t experienced before (Q37). And if you think about it, that’s quite sensible for a bird living in the city.
——————
Jonathan Atwell, in Indiana University, is looking at how a range of animals respond to urban environments. He’s found that when they’re under stress, their endocrine systems react by reducing the amount of hormones such as corticosterone into their blood (Q38). It’s a sensible-seeming adaptation. A rat that gets scared every time a subway train rolls past won’t be very successful.
There’s just one more study I’d like to mention which is by Sarah Partan and her team, and they’ve been looking at how squirrels communicate in an urban environment, and they’ve found that a routine part of their communication is carried out by waving their tails (Q39). You do also see this in the country, but it’s much more prevalent in cities, possibly because it’s effective in a noisy environment.
So what are the long-term implications of this? One possibility is that we may see completely new species developing in cities. But on the other hand, it’s possible that not all of these adaptations will be permanent (Q40). Once the animal’s got accustomed to its new environment, it may no longer need the features it’s developed.
So, now we’ve had a look…
This post was last modified on 29 March 2024 07:37
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Nachdem die Gabe von Zink die Kupferabsorption einschränkt, wird empfohlen Zink kurweise einzunehmen über
zumindest 8 Wochen bis maximal 3 Monate. Zink senkt auch Sexualhormon-bindendes
Globulin (SHBG), das Wachstumshormon IGF-1 (Insulin-like progress factor
1), Serotonin, Prolaktin, Parathormon (im Calcium-Stoffwechsel) und Östrogen (Zink hemmt die sog "Aromatase").
Zink ist an der Herstellung verschiedenster Proteine im Körper beteiligt.
Proteinsynthese betrifft einerseits bekanntermaßen den Aufbau von Muskeln und Bindegewebe, aber genauso auch
den Aufbau anderer Proteine wie eben von Transportproteinen und Hormonrezeptorproteinen und eben Enzyme.
Dabei ist es selbst für Personen, die keinen Leistungssport betreiben, schwer,
ihren Zinkbedarf auf natürliche Weise zu decken.
ZMA als Inhaltsstoff in einem Booster kann spürbar den Muskelaufbau begünstigen. Folgend kann sich dies auf einen verbesserten und beschleunigten Muskelwachstum auswirken, sofern es
sich um einen effektiv wirkenden Booster handelt. Zusätzlich sind meistens
Inhaltsstoffe vorhanden, die eine Leistungszunahme mittels
Stärkung der Kraft unterstützen können. Testosteron ist ein Hormon, das
von Männern und in geringem Umfang auch von Frauenkörpern produziert wird.
Dieses Hormon ist für die männlichen Eigenschaften und
das Wachstum verantwortlich.
Anschließend kann bei Bedarf die Dosis schrittweise erhöht werden. Zu hohe Testosteron Werte können neben den Hoden auch andere Organe schädigen allen voran die Leber.
Oftmals weisen Sportler die gerade eine Testosteron Kur machen erhöhte Leberwerte auf.
Andere beliebte Kräuter, die durch einige Studien sowohl bei Tieren als auch bei Menschen unterstützt werden, sind Horny Goat Weed, Mucuna pruriens,
shilajit und tongkat ali. Eine Studie testete die Wirkung
dieses Krauts auf unfruchtbare Männer und fand einen Anstieg des Testosteronspiegels um 17% und eine Erhöhung der Spermienzahl um 167% (30).
Zu viel Stress ist schlecht für deine langfristige Gesundheit und
kann deinen Testosteronspiegel senken. Meditation ist sehr effektiv und wird langfristig die beste Strategie sein, das
Nervensystem zu entspannen, den Cortisolsspiegel senken und schließlich
zur Steigerung des Testosterons beitragen. Und, wenn es um deine Testosteronwerte geht, kann
Stress deine Werte sogar schnell verringern.
Der Verzicht auf rotes Fleisch, fette Milchprodukte
wie Butter, Backfette oder fette Käsesorten, auf Hühnerprodukte und fettes Schweinefleisch wird sich positiv auf deinen Testosteronspiegel auswirken.
Brennnesseln haben insgesamt positive Eigenschaften – aber wenn es um das Testosteron geht, ist vor allem die Brennnesselwurzel interessant.
Studien weisen nach, dass Brennnesselwurzeln Prostataerkrankungen verhindern können. Außerdem hemmen sie das Enzym Aromastase,
mit dem wir es hier schon mehrfach mönchspfeffer zu viel testosteron (https://prabeshgroup.pl/employer/welcher-stoff-bei-der-synthese-von-testosteron-bringt-die-wirkung) tun hatten. Daraus
folgt, dass die Testosteronproduktion nach der Einnahme von Brennnesselwurzel-Extrakt steigt.
Besonders wird Beeren und Wassermelone eine optimistic Wirkung auf die
Potenz zugeschrieben. Knoblauch ist für seine positive Wirkung
auf Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen bekannt. Knoblauchzehen enthalten den Stoff Allicin,
das die Durchblutung und die Entspannung der Blutgefäße im Körper, einschließlich des Penis, fördern kann.
Fachliche und schriftstellerische Unterstützung findet Oxana bei ihrem
Ehemann Philip Hegel. Der ehemalige Medizinstudent verfügt über ein fundiertes Gesundheitswissen und ist als
Inhaber des Fitnessstudios Studio21 in Nürnberg tätig. Philips Hintergrund in der Medizin ergänzt Oxanas Experience in Ernährung und Fitness perfekt.
Dies ermöglicht dem Paar, interessante Blog-Artikel zu schreiben, die sowohl auf medizinischem Verständnis als
auch auf praktischer Erfahrung basieren.
In einer Studie stieg der Testosteron-Spiegel bei den Probanden stark an, nachdem man Ihnen täglich nur three mg verabreicht hat.
Es ist auch empfehlenswert, Zink als Teil einer komplexen Formulierung zu sich zu nehmen, anstatt
es allein zu verwenden, um optimale Ergebnisse zu
erzielen. Testosteron Tabletten bieten solche komplexen Formulierungen und können dazu beitragen, verbesserte Testosteronspiegel im Körper zu erreichen. Eine adäquate Zinkdosis ist
wichtig, um den Testosteronspiegel zu optimieren. Wenn Ihr Zink- oder Testosteronspiegel regular ist, wird eine Zinkergänzung keinen Unterschied machen.
Eine weitere Studie zeigte, dass eine Einschränkung der Zinkaufnahme aus der Nahrung den Testosteronspiegel senken könnte,
und eine Supplementierung mit Zink half den Teilnehmern.
Die meisten anderen Östrogen-Metabolite werden methyliert und über die Leber ausgeschieden. Die Zerstörung von Adenin geht sehr
langsam vor sich und ist eventuell reparabel, wenn die entsprechenden Voraussetzungen geschaffen werden. Im Gegensatz
dazu ist die Zerstörung der Purinbase Guanin durch Östrogen-3,4-Quinon schnell
und höchst wahrscheinlich nicht reparabel.
Diese oder ähnliche Mechanismen der Genmutation sind die primären Ursachen für die meisten Brust-, Uterus- und Prostatakarzinome.
Die Zerstörung der DNS durch das Stoffwechselnebenprodukt Östrogen-3,4-Quinon verursacht additionally Genmutationen, die zu Krebs führen können (Abb.5).
Es ist daher an der Zeit, über Primärpräventionsmaßnahmen nachzudenken und aufzuzeigen, wie das persönliche
Risiko, an einem Prostatakrebs zu erkranken, gesenkt
werden kann. Eine Prostatahyperplasie und ein Prostatakarzinom treten dann am
häufigsten auf, wenn die Testosteronspiegel niedrig sind.
Total, testosterone pellets are a safe and effective therapy choice for those with low testosterone ranges.
It varies based mostly on individual elements and the kind of hormone pellets used.
Whereas there is not any actual timeframe for a way lengthy it takes for hormone
pellets to dissolve, it typically ranges from three to six months.
During this time, the hormone pellets release hormones
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These can embrace testosterone pellets, estrogen pellets, and a mix
of each hormones. Testosterone pellets are commonly used
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Each pellets are sometimes created from bioidentical hormones, which
carefully resemble the hormones naturally produced by the physique.
Widespread signs addressed with estrogen replacement
remedy embrace hot flashes, night time sweats, and vaginal dryness and discomfort.
Best candidates are males or ladies affected by confirmed low testosterone.
Males could expertise signs, including lower sex drive, decreased muscle mass, and fatigue,
while ladies may expertise decreased sex drive and mood changes.
(For a full list of signs, click here.) Your doctor
will assess if testosterone alternative therapy
is best for you. TRT pellets work by delivering
a gradual, long-term launch of testosterone immediately into the bloodstream through
subdermal implantation.
Everybody begins to note some return of their corrected symptoms at slightly totally different
occasions. In phrases of how long you’ll be on the remedy, TRT is taken into account
an ongoing therapy, so so long as you’re seeing advantages,
you often stay on it, though it's attainable to stop TRT.
Like any kind of remedy, although, it’s wise to constantly examine in with
your doctor to make sure you’re on observe. TRT might put extra fuel in your tank, based on a current research (4).
In reality, elevated energy tends to be one of many most-cited benefits when males are surveyed about TRT outcomes (5).
Here’s more on TRT and particularly, testosterone pellets, to see in the event that they could be best
for you. "Physically, low testosterone can result in decreased muscle mass and strength, increased body fats, and diminished bone density, rising the chance of osteoporosis," Manzi notes.
First, the doctor will thoroughly clear the area Where
Do I Get Steroids (Rhcstaffing.Com) they plan to implant the pellets.
They will then administer a neighborhood anesthetic earlier than making a small incision within the pores and skin and
utilizing a tool referred to as a trocar
to insert about ten pellets. This implies that when a
person stops taking testosterone dietary supplements, they could really feel worse
suddenly because their body has not adjusted to making testosterone by itself once more but.
It’s additionally difficult to alter the dose simply, because one other surgical process is required to add pellets.
You can work together with your doctor to find the right dose on your physique, which may also allow
you to find the best methodology as properly. Pellets
could additionally be a great possibility
for these seeking a consistent, long-term dose.
We will work with you throughout this a part of the procedure to help plan and design a therapy plan that caters
to your wants and expectations for hormone therapy. Hormone imbalances can also affect cardiovascular health, rising the chance of situations similar to coronary heart illness and stroke.
This treatment might help restore hormonal balance, potentially enhancing cardiovascular health and decreasing
the danger of these conditions.
While hormone pellets may help enhance your
energy levels and mood, they don't seem to
be a magic answer for weight loss. It is important to
observe a nutritious diet and exercise frequently to achieve and keep a wholesome weight.
Hormone pellets could assist assist your weight reduction efforts,
but it might possibly take a quantity of weeks
and even months to see any noticeable outcomes.
Long-term effects occur after the pellets have absolutely dissolved,
and they normally occur after a few months of treatment.
You should continue your pellets remedy till you attain these long-term
advantages, which include an general sense of well-being and adjustments
in body composition. The duration of the long-acting testosterone pellets is round three to six months, and the
dosage relies on the severity of your condition.
With most sufferers receiving testosterone replacement therapy, hair thinning might
occur however over an extended time frame, as opposed to in the
first two to 3 visits. It’s essential to know that everyone responds in a unique way
to therapy and your provider will work with you should any unwanted aspect effects happen. This aspect effect can occur after beginning hormone
remedy, notably in post-menopausal ladies. As your
body re-adjusts to new estrogen levels, you could experience some breast or
nipple sensitivity. For men, nipple sensitivity could result out of your body
changing an excessive quantity of testosterone into estrogen.
Since pellets are implanted as soon as each 4 to six months, they remove the burden of frequent dosing, making it easier for sufferers to remain according to remedy.
This zero-order release mechanism mimics pure testosterone production more
closely than different forms of TRT, reducing the risk
of hormonal fluctuations. TRT pellets bypass the liver metabolism that impacts oral
testosterone and eliminate the excessive peaks and crashes seen with injectable testosterone.
I actually feel like I’m half my age, which my spouse was after all thrilled about.
I’m sharp as a shark’s tooth, and haven’t been this clear mentally in years.
Injections can last longer and don’t present the contact issues
these different strategies do. You need to go to a healthcare supplier or
study to inject yourself.