Elementor #4080 - HASAN IELTS BANGLAY

Elementor #4080

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Cambridge 12 Reading Test 04

water, glass, liquid-3853492.jpg

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The History of Glass

From our earliest origins, man has been making use of glass. Historians have discovered that a type of natural glass – obsidian – formed in places such as the mouth of a volcano as a result of the intense heat of an eruption melting sand – was first used as tips for spears. Archaeologists have even found evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC; this took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads. It was not until 1500 BC, however, that the first hollow glass container was made by covering a sand core with a layer of molten glass.

Glass blowing became the most common way to make glass containers from the first century BC. The glass made during this time was highly coloured due to the impurities of the raw material. In the first century AD, methods of creating colourless glass were developed, which was then tinted by the addition of colouring materials. The secret of glass making was taken across Europe by the Romans during this century. However, they guarded the skills and technology required to make glass very closely, and it was not until their empire collapsed in 476 AD that glass-making knowledge became widespread throughout Europe and the Middle East. From the 10th century onwards, the Venetians gained a reputation for technical skill and artistic ability in the making of glass bottles, and many of the city’s craftsmen left Italy to set up glassworks throughout Europe.

A major milestone in the history of glass occurred with the invention of lead crystal glass by the English glass manufacturer George Ravenscroft (1632-1683). He attempted to counter the effect of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass by introducing lead to the raw materials used in the process. The new glass he created was softer and easier to decorate, and had a higher refractive index, adding to its brilliance and beauty, and it proved invaluable to the optical industry. It is thanks to Ravenscroft’s invention that optical lenses, astronomical telescopes, microscopes and the like became possible.

In Britain, the modern glass industry only really started to develop after the repeal of the Excise Act in 1845. Before that time, heavy taxes had been placed on the amount of glass melted in a glasshouse, and were levied continuously from 1745 to 1845. Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace at London’s Great Exhibition of 1851 marked the beginning of glass as a material used in the building industry. This revolutionary new building encouraged the use of glass in public, domestic and horticultural architecture. Glass manufacturing techniques also improved with the advancement of science and the development of better technology.

From 1887 onwards, glass making developed from traditional mouth-blowing to a semi-automatic process, after factory-owner HM Ashley introduced a machine capable of producing 200 bottles per hour in Castleford, Yorkshire, England – more than three times quicker than any previous production method. Then in 1907, the first fully automated machine was developed in the USA by Michael Owens – founder of the Owens Bottle Machine Company (later the major manufacturers Owens-Illinois) – and installed in its factory. Owens’ invention could produce an impressive 2,500 bottles per hour. Other developments followed rapidly, but it was not until the First World War, when Britain became out off from essential glass suppliers, that glass became part of the scientific sector. Previous to this, glass had been as a craft rather than a precise science.

Today, glass making is big business. It has become a modern, hi-tech industry operating in a fiercely competitive global market where quality, design and service levels are critical to maintaining market share. Modern glass plants are capable of making millions of glass containers a day in many different colours, with green, brown and clear remaining the most popular. Few of us can imagine modern life without glass. It features in almost every aspect of our lives – in our homes, our cars and whenever we sit down to eat or drink. Glass packaging is used for many products, many beverages are sold in glass, as are numerous foodstuffs, as well as medicines and cosmetics.

Glass is an ideal material for recycling, and with growing consumer concern for green issues, glass bottles and jars are becoming ever more popular. Glass recycling is good news for the environment. It saves used glass containers being sent to landfill. As less energy is needed to melt recycled glass than to melt down raw materials, this also saves fuel and production costs. Recycling also reduces the need for raw materials to be quarried, thus saving precious resources.

Questions 1-8

Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

The History of Glass

  •   Early humans used a material called 1……………………….. to make the sharp points of their 2…………………….
  •   4000 BC: 3………………………… made of stone were covered in a coating of man-made glass.
  •   First century BC: glass was coloured because of the 4………………………. in the material.
  •   Until 476 AD: Only the 5………………………… knew how to make glass.
  •   From 10th century: Venetians became famous for making bottles out of glass.
  •   17th century: George Ravenscroft developed a process using 6……………………….. to avoid the occurrence of 7………………………. in blown glass.
  •   Mid-19th century: British glass production developed after changes to laws concerning 8……………………..

Questions 9-13

In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE               if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE              if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN    if there is no information on this

9   In 1887, HM Ashley had the fastest bottle-producing machine that existed at the time.

10   Michael Owens was hired by a large US company to design a fully-automated bottle manufacturing machine for them.

11   Nowadays, most glass is produced by large international manufacturers.

12   Concern for the environment is leading to an increased demand for glass containers.

13   It is more expensive to produce recycled glass than to manufacture new glass.

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READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. 

Bring back the big cats

It’s time to start returning vanished native animals to Britain, says John Vesty

There is a poem, written around 598 AD, which describes hunting a mystery animal called a llewyn. But what was it? Nothing seemed to fit, until 2006, when an animal bone, dating from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England. Until this discovery, the lynx – a large spotted cat with tasselled ears – was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000 years ago, before the inhabitants of these islands took up farming. But the 2006 find, together with three others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would bring forward the tassel-eared cat’s estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years.

However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the animal in British culture. A 9th-century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled cat with tasselled ears. Were it not for the animal’s backside having worn away with time, we could have been certain, as the lynx’s stubby tail is unmistakable. But even without this key feature, it’s hard to see what else the creature could have been. The lynx is now becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is transforming British environmentalism: rewilding.

Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed to recover from trawling and dredging, permitting rivers to flow freely again. Above all, it means bringing back missing species. One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life.

Such findings present a big challenge to British conservation, which has often selected arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at great effort and expense, to prevent them from changing. It has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development. But ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships between them. And this dynamism often depends on large predators.

At sea the potential is even greater: by protecting large areas from commercial fishing, we could once more see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, within sight of the English shore. This policy would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas; the fishing industry’s insistence on scouring every inch of seabed, leaving no breeding reserves, could not be more damaging to its own interests.

Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. One of the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create a more inspiring vision than the green movement’s usual promise of ‘Follow us and the world will be slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been.’

The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people. It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands. The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods.

On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe. The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere – except Britain.

Here, attitudes are just beginning to change. Conservationists are starting to accept that the old preservation-jar model is failing, even on its own terms. Already, projects such as Trees for Life in the Highlands provide a hint of what might be coming. An organisation is being set up that will seek to catalyse the rewilding of land and sea across Britain, its aim being to reintroduce that rarest of species to British ecosystems: hope.

Questions 14-18

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14   What did the 2006 discovery of the animal bone reveal about the lynx?

A   Its physical appearance was very distinctive.

B   Its extinction was linked to the spread of farming.

C   It vanished from Britain several thousand years ago.

D   It survived in Britain longer than was previously thought.

15   What point does the writer make about large predators in the third paragraph?

A   Their presence can increase biodiversity.

B   They may cause damage to local ecosystems.

C   Their behaviour can alter according to the environment.

D   They should be reintroduced only to areas where they were native.

16   What does the writer suggest about British conservation in the fourth paragraph?

A   It has failed to achieve its aims.

B   It is beginning to change direction.

C   It has taken a misguided approach.

D   It has focused on the most widespread species.

17   Protecting large areas of the sea from commercial fishing would result in

A   practical benefits for the fishing industry.

B   some short-term losses to the fishing industry.

C   widespread opposition from the fishing industry.

D   certain changes to techniques within the fishing industry.

18   According to the author, what distinguishes rewilding from other environmental campaigns?

A   Its objective is more achievable.

B   Its supporters are more articulate.

C   Its positive message is more appealing.

D   It is based on sounder scientific principles.

Questions 19-22

Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases A-F below.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

Reintroducing the lynx to Britain

There would be many advantages to reintroducing the lynx to Britain. While there is no evidence that the lynx has ever put 19 …………………….. in danger, it would reduce the numbers of certain 20…………………….. whose populations have increased enormously in recent decades. It would present only a minimal threat to 21…………………….., provided these were kept away from lynx habitats. Furthermore, the reintroduction programme would also link efficiently with initiatives to return native 22……………………… to certain areas of the country.

A     trees

B     endangered species

C     hillsides

D     wild animals

E     humans

F     farm animals

Questions 23-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write

YES                  if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO                   if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 

23   Britain could become the first European country to reintroduce the lynx.

24   The large growth in the European lynx population since 1970 has exceeded conservationists’ expectations.

25   Changes in agricultural practices have extended the habitat of the lynx in Europe.

26   It has become apparent that species reintroduction has commercial advantages.

meeting, business, brainstorming-1453895.jpg

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

UK companies need more effective boards of directors

A

After a number of serious failures of governance (that is, how they are managed at the highest level), companies in Britain, as well as elsewhere, should consider radical changes to their directors’ roles. It is clear that the role of a board director today is not an easy one. Following the 2008 financial meltdown, which resulted in a deeper and more prolonged period of economic downturn than anyone expected, the search for explanations in the many post-mortems of the crisis has meant blame has been spread far and wide. Governments, regulators, central banks and auditors have all been in the frame. The role of bank directors and management and their widely publicised failures have been extensively picked over and examined in reports, inquiries and commentaries.

B

The knock-on effect of this scrutiny has been to make the governance of companies in general an issue of intense public debate and has significantly increased the pressures on, and the responsibilities of, directors. At the simplest and most practical level, the time involved in fulfilling the demands of a board directorship has increased significantly, calling into question the effectiveness of the classic model of corporate governance by part-time, independent non-executive directors. Where once a board schedule may have consisted of between eight and ten meetings a year, in many companies the number of events requiring board input and decisions has dramatically risen. Furthermore, the amount of reading and preparation required for each meeting is increasing. Agendas can become overloaded and this can mean the time for constructive debate must necessarily be restricted in favour of getting through the business.

C

Often, board business is devolved to committees in order to cope with the workload, which may be more efficient but can mean that the board as a whole is less involved in fully addressing some of the most important issues. It is not uncommon for the audit committee meeting to last longer than the main board meeting itself. Process may take the place of discussion and be at the expense of real collaboration, so that boxes are ticked rather than issues tackled.

D

A radical solution, which may work for some very large companies whose businesses are extensive and complex, is the professional board, whose members would work up to three or four days a week, supported by their own dedicated staff and advisers. There are obvious risks to this and it would be important to establish clear guidelines for such a board to ensure that it did not step on the toes of management by becoming too engaged in the day-to-day running of the company. Problems of recruitment, remuneration and independence could also arise and this structure would not be appropriate for all companies. However, more professional and better-informed boards would have been particularly appropriate for banks where the executives had access to information that part-time non-executive directors lacked, leaving the latter unable to comprehend or anticipate the 2008 crash.

E

One of the main criticisms of boards and their directors is that they do not focus sufficiently on longer-term matters of strategy, sustainability and governance, but instead concentrate too much on short-term financial metrics. Regulatory requirements and the structure of the market encourage this behaviour. The tyranny of quarterly reporting can distort board decision-making, as directors have to ‘make the numbers’ every four months to meet the insatiable appetite of the market for more date. This serves to encourage the trading methodology of a certain kind of investor who moves in and out of a stock without engaging in constructive dialogue with the company about strategy or performance, and is simply seeking a short-term financial gain. This effect has been made worse by the changing profile of investors due to the globalisation of capital and the increasing use of automated trading systems. Corporate culture adapts and management teams are largely incentivised to meet financial goals.

F

Compensation for chief executives has become a combat zone where pitched battles between investors, management and board members are fought, often behind closed doors but increasingly frequently in the full glare of press attention. Many would argue that this is in the interest of transparency and good governance as shareholders use their muscle in the area of pay to pressure boards to remove underperforming chief executives. Their powers to vote down executive remuneration policies increased when binding votes came into force. The chair of the remuneration committee can be an exposed and lonely role, as Alison Carnwath, chair of Barclays Bank’s remuneration committee, found when she had to resign, having been roundly criticised for trying to defend the enormous bonus to be paid to the chief executive; the irony being that she was widely understood to have spoken out against it in the privacy of the committee.

G

The financial crisis stimulated a debate about the role and purpose of the company and a heightened awareness of corporate ethics. Trust in the corporation has been eroded and academics such as Michael Sandel, in his thoughtful and bestselling book What Money Can’t Buy, are questioning the morality of capitalism and the market economy. Boards of companies in all sectors will need to widen their perspective to encompass these issues and this may involve a realignment of corporate goals. We live in challenging times.

Questions 27-33

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i           Disputes over financial arrangements regarding senior managers

ii          The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination

iii         The possible need for fundamental change in every area of business

iv         Many external bodies being held responsible for problems

v          The falling number of board members with broad enough experience

vi         A risk that not all directors take part in solving major problems

vii        Broads not looking far enough ahead

viii       A proposal to change the way the board operates

27   Paragraph A

28   Paragraph B

29   Paragraph C

30   Paragraph D

31   Paragraph E

32   Paragraph F

33   Paragraph G

Questions 34-37

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet, write

YES                  if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO                   if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

34   Close scrutiny of the behaviour of boards has increased since the economic downturn.

35   Banks have been mismanaged to a greater extent than other businesses.

36   Board meetings normally continue for as long as necessary to debate matters in full.

37   Using a committee structure would ensure that board members are fully informed about significant issues.

Questions 38-40

Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

38   Before 2008, non-executive directors were at a disadvantage because of their lack of ………………………..

39   Boards tend to place too much emphasis on …………………………. considerations that are only of short-term relevance.

40   On certain matters, such as pay, the board may have to accept the views of ………………………..

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  89. testosteron afrikaner

    Wenn eine junge Frau auf Instagram oder Tiktok postet, dass sie depressiv geworden sei unter der
    Pille, verbreitet sich das Misstrauen gegen diese Form der Verhütung explosionsartig.
    Menschen mit einer lebendigen und befriedigenden Sexualität,
    seien sie forty, 50, 60, 70 oder eighty, sind gesünder.
    Die Frage ist, ob es nur eine Hormoneinnahme braucht, um sich wieder lebendig
    zu fühlen.
    Man weiss, dass 30 Prozent davon mit dem Placeboeffekt zu erklären ist.
    Aber tatsächlich hat das Testosteron die
    von Ihnen beschriebene Wirkung, es sind ja auch die sogenannt männlichen Attribute, die damit verstärkt werden. Deshalb
    ist Testosteron immer wieder als bewährtes Doping bei Frauen eingesetzt
    worden. Der Inhalt dieses Dokuments dient zu Informationszwecken und ersetzt nicht die Notwendigkeit, bei der Diagnose oder Behandlung von Krankheiten eine professionelle klinische Beurteilung vorzunehmen. Für die
    Diagnose und Behandlung jeglicher medizinischer Beschwerden sollte ein zugelassener Arzt konsultiert werden.
    In diesem Artikel werden wir uns ansehen, wie hoch diese Werte
    sind, welche Auswirkungen sie haben und was Sie tun können, um Ihren Testosteronspiegel zu erhöhen. Ein Befund der Studie struggle, dass Männer mit einem
    relativ hohen Testosteronspiegel sowohl mehr masturbierten als auch mehr Sexualpartnerinnen hatten. Zudem warfare bei ihnen die Wahrscheinlichkeit höher,
    dass sie in den vorangegangenen fünf Jahren mehr als
    eine Sexualpartnerin zur selben Zeit hatten. Sie gaben auch
    eher an, erst kürzlich Sex gehabt zu haben (es war
    freilich explizit nur nach heterosexuellem, vaginalem Intercourse
    gefragt worden).
    Dies kann durch eine Dysfunktion der Eierstöcke
    oder der Nebennieren verursacht werden. Hormone steuern unseren Körper und beeinflussen unsere Gesundheit, Stimmung und Lebensqualität.
    Ein Ungleichgewicht der weiblichen Hormone – wie Testosteron, Östrogen und Progesteron – kann Symptome wie Akne, Haarausfall oder Zyklusstörungen auslösen. Frauen haben dabei häufig insbesondere mit den Auswirkungen eines Testosteronüberschusses zu kämpfen.
    Bei Männern spielt es eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der männlichen Geschlechtsorgane sowie
    bei der Förderung von Körperbehaarung und Muskelaufbau.
    Nein, nicht alle Frauen mit einem erhöhten Testosteronspiegel
    entwickeln psychische Probleme. “Frühzeitige Intervention ist der Schlüssel zur effektiven Verwaltung hormoneller Ungleichgewichte”, betont Dr.
    Rebecca Lewis, ein Allgemeinmediziner. Es gibt auch ein Component medizinischer Vorurteile,
    wenn es um die Behandlung von hohem Testosteron bei Frauen geht.
    Die Symptome von Frauen werden manchmal entlassen oder unzureichend behandelt,
    da es mangels Verständnis oder Stereotypisierung mangelt.

    Das soziale Stigma erschwert häufig die Behandlung von hohem Testosteron bei Frauen.
    Ein hormonelles Ungleichgewicht in Ihrem Körper kann dazu führen, dass der Testosteronspiegel bei Frauen ungewöhnlich hoch
    wird. Wenn Sie wissen, wie Sie testosteron afrikaner senken können, wenn Sie eines der Symptome
    zeigen, kann dies Ihre Lebensqualität verbessern. Auch gesundheitliche Probleme dürfen nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Testosteron ist ein Sexualhormon, das zur Gruppe der Androgene
    gehört. Diese Hormone steuern die Entwicklung
    und Erhaltung von männlichen Merkmalen im
    Körper, beeinflussen aber auch das Verhalten. So gehen beispielsweise höhere Testosteronwerte bei Männern oft mit einer ausgeprägteren Libido einher – sie haben mehr Lust auf Sex.

    Liegt der Wert des Gesamttestosterons bei allen untersuchten Blutproben unterhalb bestimmter
    Normbereiche, liegt wahrscheinlich ein Testosteronmangel vor.
    Bei erwachsenen Männern liegt der Testosteronspiegel normalerweise
    zwischen 3,5 und 11,5 ng/ml (12–40 nmol/l), bei erwachsenen Frauen zwischen zero,15 und zero,6 ng/ml (0,5–2,zero nmol/l).
    Neben Monatsspritzen, Tabletten oder Pflastern besteht die
    Möglichkeit, das natürliche bioidentische Testosteron in Form einer
    transdermalen Applikation mittels Gel täglich auf die Haut aufzubringen. Hierdurch kann mit einer niedrigst möglichen Dosierung
    ein sehr konstanter Hormonspiegel aufgebaut werden. Hautpflaster zeigen zwar
    auch eine gute Wirkung, werden jedoch kaum noch angewendet,
    da sie häufig zu Haut­irritationen geführt haben und »sichtbar« sind.
    Die Zufuhr über Tabletten ist veraltet, weil sie keiner natürlichen Substitution, sondern vielmehr einer hoch dosierten Pharmako­therapie entspricht.
    Alles über die Wirkung, was die Werte bedeuten und ab wann ein Testosteronmangel besteht.

    In der Diagnostik unterscheidet man zwischen dem “zentralen Schilddrüsenwert” TSH
    und den “peripheren Schilddrüsenwerten” T3 und T4.

    Typische Beschwerden einer Schilddrüsenunterfunktion (Hypothyreose)
    entstehen dadurch, dass der Stoffwechsel verlangsamt ist.
    Betroffene fühlen sich häufig müde, antriebslos und anhaltend erschöpft.
    Auch eine Gewichtszunahme, depressive Verstimmungen, Konzentrationsschwierigkeiten, Kälteempfindlichkeit, Verstopfung, trockene Haut oder Haarausfall können auf eine Unterfunktion hindeuten.
    Ein kontinuierlicher Rückgang des wichtigsten männlichen Sexualhormons Testosteron lässt sich bei vielen Männern im
    Blut ungefähr ab dem 40. Altersbedingter Testosteronmangel wird als Altershypogonadismus
    (Late-onset-hypogonadism) bezeichnet. Dem Altershypogonadismus liegt eine erworbene Unterfunktion der Keimdrüsen (Gonaden) zugrunde.
    Lebensjahr lassen sich bereits bei nahezu einem Drittel der Männer Symptome von Testosteronmangel diagnostizieren. Die Testosteron-Produktion erfolgt beim Mann in den Hoden,
    genauer gesagt in den Leydig-Zellen.
    Der altersbedingte Mangel an Testosteron ist fortschreitend und die Werte liegen unterhalb der
    Grenze des üblichen Testosteronwertes für gesunde junge Männer im Alter
    von 20 bis 30 Jahren. Im weiblichen Körper
    erfolgt die Testosteronproduktion im Ovar und in der
    Nebennierenrinde, beim Mann hauptsächlich in den Leydigschen Zwischenzellen des Hodens.
    Haben Sie als Mann zu viel Testosteron im Blut, kann das Nebenwirkungen auslösen.

    Reply
  96. https://fazteunegocio.com.br

    Que ce soit avant une réunion importante ou juste pour démarrer votre journée,
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    La posture est essentielle lorsqu’il s’agit de mains perchées sur
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    dans le bas du dos, et même affecter notre respiration et notre digestion.
    Lorsque nous posons avec nos mains sur nos hanches, nous ne transmettons pas seulement de la confiance ou de l’assurance – nous faisons également traverser à notre
    corps un territoire inexploré. Dans cette part, nous approfondirons les
    effets physiques de cette pose populaire et explorerons
    les implications sur notre posture, nos épaules et nos mains.
    Des fresques égyptiennes antiques à la culture pop moderne, les mains perchées sur les hanches sont un motif récurrent.

    CETTE MODIFICATION PEUT AIDER À RÉDUIRE LE RISQUE DE BLESSURE ET
    À RENDRE LA POSE PLUS ACCESSIBLE. Nos gènes
    ont du s’adapter à la vie moderne et hélas, son influence sur
    la posture a été plutôt néfaste. Cela explique pourquoi 72% des
    gens ont une asymétrie au niveau des pieds et 9 personnes sur 10 au niveau des
    yeux. Chez Dancefloor Paris, nous croyons fermement
    que la danse est un moyen puissant d’améliorer la confiance en soi.

    Nos cours sont conçus pour vous aider à vous affirmer à travers le mouvement.

    Cette dernière consiste à placer ses mains sur sa taille, pieds légèrement écartés, et se tenir extrêmement droit.
    Le torse bombé, la tête inclinée vers le haut, en signe d’assurance.
    Alors, remark pouvez-vous commencer à utiliser réellement des poses de puissance dans votre vie?
    Voici mes poses de puissance préférées à employer dans votre vie pour relancer votre confiance quand vous
    en avez besoin. Poser quelques minutes dans la place de Wonder Woman améliore de manière considérable la confiance en soi.
    C’est ce que démontrent des études menées par
    Amy Cuddy, enseignante à Haward, et spécialiste de l’impact de
    la posture corporelle sur le psychological. Dans les danses comme le hip-hop ou la danse contemporaine,
    adoptez des positions larges et expansives.
    Et si le easy fait d’entendre l’expression « mauvaise posture » évoque des souvenirs de maman qui vous a dit de vous asseoir droit, gardez à l’esprit que, dans ce cas,
    c’est elle qui sait le mieux. Les planches hautes
    aident à soulager la douleur et la raideur dans tout votre corps tout en renforçant vos fessiers et vos ischio-jambiers.
    Ils aident également à développer l’équilibre et la force
    du tronc et du dos, tous deux importants pour une bonne posture.
    La pose Cat-Vache aide à soulager les tensions dans votre torse,
    votre cou et votre cou tout en favorisant la mobilité de la colonne vertébrale.
    La pose de l’enfant étire et allonge votre colonne vertébrale, vos ischio-jambiers.

    Votre commentaire sera révisé par les administrateurs si besoin.
    Des chercheurs ont démontré, dans une étude de 2013, que
    les gens imitent inconsciemment les comportements
    des autres, ce qui entraîne une augmentation des sentiments de
    complicité et de lien. Ainsi, si vous voulez que votre belle-mère vous apprécie, essayez de lui parler comme elle vous parle.
    Elle pourrait avoir l’impression que vous parlez enfin sa langue.
    « Ce n’est pas ce que vous pensez, mais la manière dont vous le pensez ; ce n’est pas ce que vous dites, mais la façon dont
    vous le dites », explique Boothman. Dale Carnegie, auteur du classique de 1936 Remark se faire des amis et influencer
    les gens, affirmait que la meilleure façon d’intéresser les gens à vous est de vous intéresser réellement à eux.

    Selon lui, la clé pour captiver un public réside dans l’exploitation de ses propres émotions.

    Les postures de puissance sont des positions corporelles qui nous font paraître plus grands, plus ouverts et plus assurés.
    Elles incluent des gestes comme se tenir droit, les bras ouverts, les mains Avis sur
    la testostérone Blue Star (https://fazteunegocio.com.br)
    les hanches, ou encore se tenir debout avec les pieds écartés, comme une posture de leader (voir
    l’image). Ces postures symbolisent la domination, la pressure et la confiance en soi.

    Venez découvrir nos cours à Dancefloor Paris et laissez la danse vous emmener vers de nouveaux horizons de confiance en soi.
    Idem Marvel Lady, mais avec les bras tendus vers l’avant et vers le haut, les poings serrés.
    Cette pose est également associée à la confiance et
    à la puissance. Il s’agit d’occuper l’espace de manière expansive,
    en prenant beaucoup de place avec le corps.
    Dans la Grèce antique, par exemple, les philosophes
    et les acteurs prenaient souvent la pose avec les mains sur les hanches, exprimant
    l’autorité, la confiance et un sentiment de délibération. De même, dans l’Europe du XVIIIe siècle, des gestes comme celui-ci étaient utilisés pour
    exprimer le défi, l’indépendance ou même le
    flirt. Ce contexte historique riche nous donne
    une idée de la façon dont ces gestes ont évolué au fil du temps, façonnés par des facteurs culturels et sociaux.
    Si vous avez des problèmes de flexibilité au niveau des hanches ou du bas du dos, vous constaterez peut-être
    que la pose commonplace des mains sur les hanches est difficile, voire douloureuse.
    Dans ce cas, essayez d’utiliser un bloc ou une
    sangle pour soutenir vos jambes et aider à approfondir l’étirement.

    Améliorez votre posture et l’alignement de la colonne vertébrale
    avec les mains sur la pose des hanches.

    Reply
  97. à quoi sert La prise de testostérone ?

    L’ONG internationale, qui défend les droits de l’homme dans le
    monde, dénonce ces pratiques instaurées par la Fédération internationale
    d’athlétisme, en totale contradiction avec les droits de
    l’homme. Dans ce rapport, treize athlètes, interrogées entre juillet et novembre 2019, toutes en Afrique
    et en Asie, ont confié leur histoire et les conséquences de cette « discrimination » sur leur carrière ainsi que sur leur vie.
    Dans ce rapport, l’organisation démontre remark ces femmes sont forcées à subir des « interventions médicales intrusives et non nécessaires en tant que situation préalable pour participer à certaines compétitions ».
    Ces procédures médicales, qui visent à
    réduire leur taux de testostérone, sont fortement dénoncées par Human Rights
    Watch, qui souligne que ces femmes sont « forcées à choisir entre leur carrière et leurs droits fondamentaux
    ». Elles ont souvent grandi dans l’identité de style choisie
    par leurs dad and mom avec ou sans l’avis de médecins.
    Les athlètes non occidentales expliquent clairement qu’elles n’ont pas forcément
    les moyens économiques, ou alors tout simplement pas l’envie de performer leur style pour
    désamorcer tout soupçon quant à leur identité sexuée.

    Après avoir consulté un endocrinologue, elle a débuté une
    thérapie hormonale combinée incluant de la testostérone.
    Après un an de traitement, elle a noté une amélioration de son humeur, une augmentation de
    sa masse musculaire et une meilleure qualité de vie.
    La pratique de techniques de gestion du stress telles que
    la méditation, le yoga, la respiration profonde et la relaxation peut
    aider à réduire les niveaux de stress et à favoriser une production hormonale équilibrée.
    Il est également essential d’identifier et de prendre des
    mesures pour réduire les sources de stress dans sa vie quotidienne.

    En ce qui concerne la santé des os, maintenir des niveaux adéquats de testostérone peut aider à prévenir l’ostéoporose et réduire le
    risque de fractures.
    Le zinc, présent dans les fruits de mer, les légumes verts à feuilles,
    les graines de citrouille et les noix, est essentiel pour
    la production et la libération de testostérone.
    Le magnésium, présent dans les légumes verts, les légumineuses, les grains entiers et les fruits
    secs, est également necessary pour le métabolisme hormonal.
    Les vitamines B, trouvées dans les céréales complètes, les légumes
    verts à feuilles et les produits laitiers, sont nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des glandes
    endocrines. Elle agit aussi sur le stress, la masse musculaire, la santé cardiovasculaire et le métabolisme.

    Malgré son significance, la testostérone chez les femmes est
    souvent négligée dans les discussions et les recherches médicales.
    Des ajustements du mode de vie, tels que l’alimentation, l’exercice et
    la gestion du stress, peuvent contribuer à maintenir des niveaux équilibrés d’hormones.

    Les suppléments de testostérone ne doivent être
    utilisés que lorsque des déficiences sévères sont
    diagnostiquées et doivent être prescrits par un professionnel de la santé qualifié.
    Elle contribue à la régulation du métabolisme, favorise la
    combustion des graisses, aide à maintenir la masse musculaire, améliore la santé des
    os, régule l’humeur et la fonction cognitive, et est associée à quoi sert La prise de testostérone ? la santé cardiovasculaire.
    Il est essential de noter que les recommandations mentionnées
    ci-dessus sont générales et peuvent varier en fonction des besoins individuels.
    Il est toujours recommandé de consulter un professionnel de la santé ou un nutritionniste pour obtenir des conseils personnalisés en matière d’alimentation, d’exercice
    et de gestion du stress pour maintenir des niveaux de testostérone équilibrés.
    La gestion du stress et le maintien d’un sommeil de
    qualité sont des facteurs importants pour maintenir des niveaux
    optimaux de testostérone chez les femmes.
    Les techniques de gestion du stress comme la méditation ou le yoga peuvent donc indirectement améliorer l’équilibre hormonal.
    Durant la puberté, la testostérone contribue au développement
    des caractéristiques sexuelles secondaires.
    À l’âge adulte, son rôle devient crucial pour maintenir un niveau d’énergie steady et réguler l’humeur au quotidien. Cette hormone stimule aussi les fonctions cognitives, améliorant la focus et
    la mémoire. Les auteurs indiquent que ces résultats aident à combler le « déficit
    » d’attention accordé au rôle des androgènes (testostérone
    et autres hormones dites « masculinisantes ») dans la sexualité des femmes.
    « Nos données tendent à confirmer que
    les différences entre les hommes et les femmes doivent être comprises en les examinant dans le contexte des influences sociales et hormonales sur
    la fonction et le comportement sexuels. L’activité physique,
    en particulier les exercices de résistance comme l’haltérophilie, peut
    stimuler la manufacturing de testostérone.
    Elle joue un rôle fondamental dans le développement des caractéristiques sexuelles primaires et secondaires
    chez les deux sexes, ainsi que dans de nombreux processus biologiques.
    Un mythe répandu prétend que la testostérone rend les
    femmes « masculines » en provoquant une augmentation extreme de la masse musculaire et le développement de caractéristiques masculines.
    En réalité, les niveaux de testostérone chez les femmes sont bien inférieurs à ceux des hommes, et une augmentation modérée de cette hormone
    n’entraîne pas de transformation drastique.
    Les exercices cardiovasculaires, tels que la course à pied, la natation, le
    cyclisme et la danse, peuvent également contribuer à maintenir des niveaux optimaux de testostérone chez les femmes.

    En conclusion, on peut dire que la testostérone est
    certes trouvée en quantité moindre chez les femmes,
    mais elle n’en est pas moins primordiale à leur santé.
    Alors que l’hormone féminine par excellence est réputée
    être l’œstrogène, les femmes produisent également de la
    testostérone, comme les hommes produisent eux aussi de l’œstrogène.
    Chaque humain a ainsi besoin de ces deux hormones, qui
    seront trouvées à des niveaux variant entre les deux sexes, mais surtout entre individus.
    Alors que la testostérone est souvent associée exclusivement aux hommes, les femmes elles aussi ont besoin de cette hormone.

    La ménopause est souvent considérée comme une période de baisse des niveaux
    d’oestrogène, mais il peut également avoir un effet
    dramatique sur les niveaux de testostérone chez les femmes.
    Pendant la ménopause, les ovaires réduisent progressivement leur production d’œstrogènes et de testostérone.

    Sur le front émotionnel et psychologique, une testostérone élevée peut entraîner une agression, une irritabilité accrue et même une dépression. De nombreuses femmes
    rapportent également une forte baisse de leur libido, contrairement à la croyance populaire que la testostérone stimule le
    désir sexuel. Il est courant qu’un faible taux de testostérone
    chez les femmes soit mal diagnostiqué ou sous-diagnostiqué.
    Son manque serait lié à des états de baisse de tonus mais également à des états dépressifs.

    Lorsque la baisse d’hormone était effectivement la supply des symptômes,
    tout rentre dans l’ordre, les hommes sont
    contents et ne ratent jamais leurs rendez-vous. Chez ceux qui ont des symptômes spécifiques,
    pour lesquels on n’a pas trouvé de causes
    sous-jacentes modifiables et qui ont des niveaux bas de testostérone (en dessous de sept nanomoles par litre,
    les sociétés savantes considèrent que ce n’est
    pas normal). Dans la zone grise, entre 7 et 12,
    je vais souvent faire un essai thérapeutique de
    six mois. La ménopause fait beaucoup parler, mais l’andropause – la baisse de testostérone chez l’homme
    associée à l’âge – demeure plutôt méconnue.
    Entrevue avec l’endocrinologue Hélène Lavoie, professeure adjointe de clinique à
    l’Université de Montréal. Une approche multidisciplinaire est préférable pour la prise en charge du trouble de l’intérêt sexuel/trouble de l’excitation sexuelle.

    Reply
  100. https://lr-mediconsult.de/

    The goal of PCT is to boost your T production, allowing your physique to gradually construct as much as
    regular production of this crucial hormone. SERMs work to dam estrogen levels in breast tissue, reducing
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    this widespread aspect impact. With the potential for Dianabol to have some significantly
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    Many novices draw back from stacking out of worry or ignorance
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    Positive Aspects and Enduring ResultsWhile a Dbol solely
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    Users usually discover that they shortly lose their features and are
    tempted to make use of it frequently to keep up Dbol cycle
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    disease. Not solely that, but hypertension can even lead to stroke
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    Kickstarting a cycle is often carried out in a mass-building low season cycle.
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    It might promise higher positive aspects, however this kind of administration regime will put a
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  119. Rosaura Maggio

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