Elementor #3988 - HASAN IELTS BANGLAY

Elementor #3988

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Cambridge 14 Reading Test 4 Answer Keys

1. four / 4

Question: Focused on a total of 1…………. different age groups of ants,

Keywords:

– Focused on

– different age groups = age ranges

– of ants = on ants

Explain: In paragraph 3, it is stated that “Giraldo focused on ants at four age ranges”, so the answer must be “four/4”.

2. young

Question: how well ants looked after their 2…………..

Keywords:

– how well ants = how well the ants

– looked after = took care of

Explain: The first sentence of paragraph 4 states that “Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony”

3. food

Question: their ability to locate 3…………… using a scent trail

Keywords:

– Locate = mark a trail to

– using a scent trail = followed the telltale scent

Explain: In the second sentence of paragraph 4, the author mentions how ants “followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food”. This means that she studied ants‟ ability to locate food using a scent trail.

4. light

Question: the effect that 4……………. had on them

Keywords: The effect = responded to

Explain: In the same paragraph, we are told that “she tested how ants responded to light”, meaning that she tested the effect of “light” on ants

5. aggressively

Question: how 5…………….. they attacked prey

Keywords: Attacked, prey = the poor fruit fly

Explain: Still in paragraph 4, Giraldo compared the way old and young ants attacked their prey and found that the old ones attacked “just as aggressively” as the young ones did. In other words, she studied how aggressively they attacked the prey.

6. location

Question: comparison between age and the 6……………… of dying cells in the brains of ants

Keywords: comparison between = no major difference age of dying cells

Explain: In paragraph 5, we know that Giraldo didn’t find any major difference in age and the location of dying brain cells between 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants. This suggests that she compared between the age and location of dying cells.

7. neurons

Question: condition of synaptic complexes (areas in which 7…………… meet) in the brain’s ‘mushroom bodies’

Keywords:

– in the brain’s ‘mushroom bodies’ = in their brains called mushroom bodies,

– areas in which = where

– Meet = come together.

– synaptic complexes

Explain: In paragraph 5, it is stated that synaptic complexes are “regions where neurons come together”

8. chemicals

Question: level of two 8………….. in the brain associated with ageing

Keywords:

– Level of two = levels of either serotonin or dopamine-brain

– associated with ageing = coincides with aging

Explain: Still in paragraph 5, we are told that Giraldo studied the level of serotonin and dopamine, which are two “brain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging”. This implies that they are associated with aging. Thus, the answer is “chemicals”.

9. FALSE

Question: Pheidole dentata ants are the only known animals which remain active for almost their whole lives.

Keywords:

– Remain active = doesn’t seem to show any signs of aging = stay fit

– or almost their whole lives = for nearly their entire lives.

Explain: In paragraph 2, the author mentions naked mole rats as an age-defying animal: they stay fit for nearly their entire lives and they can reproduce even when old. It can be said that they remain active for almost their whole life. Thus, Pheidole dentata ants are not the only animal with this feature.

10. TRUE

Question: Ysabel Giraldo was the first person to study Pheidole dentata ants using precise data about the insects’ ages.

Keywords: precise data about the insects’ ages = their exact ages.

Explain: It is stated in paragraph 3: “Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were…she knew their exact ages”. This means that she was the first person to use the ants’ exact ages in her studies.

11. FALSE

Question: The ants in Giraldo’s experiments behaved as she had predicted that they would.

Keywords:

Behaved = perform

Predicted = expected

Explain:  It is stated in paragraph 4 that “Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly…but the elderly ants were all good caretakers and trail-followers”. This implies that the elderly ants behaved differently from what she expected (predicted). She thought that they would perform badly, but they performed well.

12. NOT GIVEN

Question: The recent studies of bees used different methods of measuring age-related decline.

Keywords:

– age-related decline.

– The recent studies of bees = the results of recent bee studies

Explain: With regard to recent studies of bees, the author only mentions in paragraph 6 that the results about age-related decline were mixed: some showed it while some didn’t. However, there is nothing said about the methods used, so this statement is NOT GIVEN.

13. TRUE

Question: Pheidole dentata ants kept in laboratory conditions tend to live longer lives.

Keywords: Pheidole dentata laboratory, live, longer

Explain: The first sentence of paragraph 3 reveals that in the lab, Pheidole dentata ants typically live for around 140 days. Later, in paragraph 7, it is said that “out in the wild, the ants probably don’t live for a full 140 days”. This clearly means that the ants tend to live longer in laboratory conditions. The statement is therefore TRUE.

Passage 1

The secret of staying young

Pheidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U.S., isn’t immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn’t seem to show any signs of aging (Q9). Old workers ants can do everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains appear just as sharp. ‘We get a picture that these ants really don’t decline,’ says Ysabel Giraldo, who studies the ants for her doctoral thesis at Boston University.

Such age-defying feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives (Q9). They can still reproduce even when old, and they never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly organised colonies. ‘It’s this social complexity that makes P. dentata useful for studying aging in people,’ says Giraldo, now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are also highly social, a trait that has been connected to healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging use mice, worms or fruit flies, which all lead much more isolated lives.

In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days (Q1). Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages (Q10). Then she put them through a range of tests.

Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony, recording how often each ant attended to, carried and fed them (Q2). She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food (Q3). She tested how ants responded to light and also measured how active they were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects were all good caretakers and trail-followers – the 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterparts (Q11). They all responded do light well, and the older ants were more active (Q4). And when it came to reacting to prey, the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at the fly’s legs (Q5).

Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-ole ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She saw no major differences with age, nor was there any difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age didn’t seem to affect specific brain functions (Q6). Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called mushroom bodies, which are important for processing information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within these structures – regions where neurons come together (Q7). Again, the answer was no. What was more, he old ants didn’t experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin or dopamine – brain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging (Q8). In humans, for example, a decrease in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

‘This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly,’ says Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the Proceeding of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee studies were mixed – some studies showed age-related declines, which biologists call senescence, and others didn’t (Q12). ‘For now, the study raises more questions than it answers,’ Giraldo says, ‘including how P. dentata stays in such good shape.’

Also, if the ants don’t deteriorate with age, why do they die at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don’t live for a full 140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an environment that’s much harsher than the comforts of the lab (Q13). ‘The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a steep decline just before dying,’ Giraldo says, but she can’t say for sure because her study wasn’t designed to follow an ant’s final moments.

‘It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects,’ says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern among other social bugs with possible clues to the science of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these ants, age really doesn’t matter.

14. B

Question: a reference to how quickly animal species can die out

Keywords:

– die out = are becoming extinct

– how quickly = Colossal numbers of species + are increasingly threatened

Explain: It is mentioned in paragraph B that “some of these collapses have been sudden, dramatic and unexpected”, with “these collapses” referring to the extinction of animals. The word “sudden” is a synonym for quickly, so the sentence suggests that some animals may become extinct, or die out, quickly.

15. E

Question: reasons why it is preferable to study animals in captivity rather than in the wild

Keywords:

– Reasons: less risk + fewer variables

– study animals in captivity =undertake research on animals in zoos

Explain: The term “animals in captivity” is another way of saying “animals in zoos”. The role of zoos in animal research is mentioned in paragraph E: “Being able to undertake research on animals in zoos where there is less risk and fewer variables means real changes can be effected on wild populations”. So, zoos have many advantages for studying how animals live, act and react. Thus, – The answer is paragraph E.

16. C

Question: mention of two ways of learning about animals other than visiting them in zoos

Keywords:

– two ways of learning about animals: television documentaries + natural history specimens

– visiting them in zoos = seeing a living creature

– in the flesh, hearing it, smelling it, watching what it does

Explain: Several ways of learning about animals are mentioned in paragraph C: zoos, television documentaries, and museums. Thus, this paragraph shows two ways of learning about animals other than visiting them in zoos.

17. A

Question: reasons why animals in zoos may be healthier than those in the wild

Keywords: Reasons: get a varied and high-quality diet with all the supplements required + any illnesses they might have will be treated

Explain: The first sentence of the passage is: “it is perfectly possible for many species of animals living in zoos or wildlife parks to have a quality of life as high as, or higher than, in the wild”. Higher quality of life implies that zoo animals may be healthier than those in the wild. The author then goes on to discuss various reasons why zoos are healthy places for animals, including a good diet, treatment of illnesses and a safe environment from predators.

18. TRUE

Question: An animal is likely to live longer in a zoo than in the wild.

Keywords: live longer = have a greater life expectancy

Explain: As we know from question 17, the comparison between animals living in zoos and in the wild is in paragraph A. “The average captive animal will have a greater life expectancy compared with its wild counterpart”. The captive animal refers to animals in zoos. Its wild counterpart refers to animals of the same species in the wild.

19. TRUE

Question: There are some species in zoos which can no longer be found in the wild.

Keywords:

– can no longer be found in the wild = only exist in captivity

– some species in zoos = many of these living in zoos

Explain: It is stated in paragraph B that “A good number of species only exist in captivity”, implying that these species cannot be found in the wild. The statement is TRUE.

20. NOT GIVEN

Question: Improvements in the quality of TV wildlife documentaries have resulted in increased numbers of zoo visitors.

Keywords: improvements, TV, wildlife, documentaries, increased, numbers, zoo visitors

Explain: With regard to TV documentaries, the author only mentions (in paragraph C) that “television documentaries are becoming ever more detailed and impressive” but there is no relation between this and zoo visitor numbers. This information is NOT GIVEN.

21. FALSE

Question: Zoos have always excelled at transmitting information about animals to the public.

Keywords: transmitting information about animals to the public = communication and outreach work

Explain: Paragraph D states that zoos can “communicate information to visitors about the animals they are seeing and their place in the world”. In other words, zoos can transmit information about animals to the public. It is mentioned, however, that “this was an area where zoos used to be lacking”, implying that zoos were not good at this in the past. The statement is therefore FALSE.

22. NOT GIVEN

Question: Studying animals in zoos is less stressful for the animals than studying them in the wild.

Keywords: Studying animals in zoos = undertake research on animals in zoos

Explain: In comparison with studying animals in the wild, studying them in zoos is less risky and involves fewer variables. We only know that there is less risk for both the animals and the scientists themselves, but we do not know if studying animals in zoos is less stressful. There is no information regarding this.

23-24. B, D

Question: Which TWO of the following are stated about zoo staff in the text?

B   Some travel to overseas locations to join teams in zoos.

D   Some teach people who are involved with conservation projects

Keywords:

– travel to overseas locations = send their animal keepers abroad

– join teams in zoos = contribute their knowledge and skills to those working in zoos and reserves…

– Teach = educate

– people who are involved with conservation projects = conservation workers

Explain:

– It is stated in paragraph D that: “Many zoos also work directly to educate conservation workers in other countries” -> zoo staff can teach conservation workers, or people involved with conservation projects. So D is correct.

– “…or send their animal keepers abroad to contribute their knowledge and skills to those working in zoos and reserves”. This means that some animal keepers (a type of zoo staff) travel to overseas to help other zoo staff. So B is correct

25-26. B, E

Question: Which TWO of these beliefs about zoos does the winter mention in the text?

B   They can increase public awareness of environmental issues.

E   They can raise animals which can later be released into the wild.

Keywords:

– Raise public awareness of environmental issues = he need to be more environmentally conscious

– Increase = more

– public awareness of environmental issues.

– raise animals = can be bred up to

Explain:

– In paragraph B, it is stated that some animals have been reintroduced into the wild from zoos, or that wild populations have been increased by the introduction of captive bred animals. The term “reintroduce” means that animals will be raised in zoos before being released into the wild. So E is correct.

– Thus, the sentence can be paraphrased into: zoos can increase public awareness of environmental issues. B is correct.

Passage 2

Why zoos are good

Scientist David Hone makes the case for zoos

A

In my view, it is perfectly possible for many species of animals living in zoos or wildlife parks to have a quality of life as high as, or higher than, in the wild. Animals in good zoos get a varied and high-quality diet with all the supplements required, and any illnesses they might have will be treated (Q17). Their movement might be somewhat restricted, but they have a safe environment in which to live, and they are spared bullying and social ostracism by others of their kind. They do not suffer from the threat or stress of predators, or the irritation and pain of parasites or injuries. The average captive animal will have a greater life expectancy compared with its wild counterpart, and will not die of drought, of starvation or in the jaws of a predator (Q18). A lot of very nasty things happen to truly ‘wild’ animals that simply don’t happen in good zoos, and to view a life that is ‘free’ as one that is automatically ‘good’ is, I think, an error. Furthermore, zoos serve several key purposes.

B

Firstly, zoos aid conservation. Colossal numbers of species are becoming extinct across the world, and many more are increasingly threatened and therefore risk extinction (Q14). Moreover, some of these collapses have been sudden, dramatic and unexpected, or were simply discovered very late in the day. A species protected in captivity can be bred up to provide a reservoir population against a population crash or extinction in the wild (Q25 Q26). A good number of species only exist in captivity, with many of these living in zoos (Q19). Still more only exist in the wild because they have been reintroduced from zoos, or have wild populations that have been boosted by captive bred animals. Without these efforts there would be fewer species alive today. Although reintroduction successes are few and far between, the numbers are increasing, and the very fact that species have been saved or reintroduced as a result of captive breeding proves the value of such initiatives.

C

Zoos also provide education. Many children and adults, especially those in cities, will never see a wild animal beyond a fox or pigeon. While it is true that television documentaries are becoming ever more detailed and impressive (Q20), and many natural history specimens are on display in museums, there really is nothing to compare with seeing a living creature in the flesh, hearing it, smelling it, watching what it does and having the time to absorb details (Q16). That alone will bring a greater understanding and perspective to many, and hopefully give them a greater appreciation for wildlife, conservation efforts and how they can contribute.

D

In addition to this, there is also the education that can take place in zoos through signs, talks and presentations which directly communicate information to visitors about the animals they are seeing and their place in the world. This was an area where zoos used to be lacking, but they are now increasingly sophisticated in their communication and outreach work (Q21). Many zoos also work directly to educate conservation workers in other countries, or send their animal keepers abroad to contribute their knowledge and skills to those working in zoos and reserves (Q23 Q24), thereby helping to improve conditions and reintroductions all over the world.

E

Zoos also play a key role in research. If we are to save wild species and restore and repair ecosystems we need to know about how key species live, act and react. Being able to undertake research on animals in zoos where there is less risk and fewer variables means real changes can be effected on wild populations (Q15 Q22). Finding out about, for example, the oestrus cycle of an animal of its breeding rate helps us manage wild populations. Procedures such as capturing and moving at-risk or dangerous individuals are bolstered by knowledge gained in zoos about doses for anaesthetics, and by experience in handling and transporting animals. This can make a real difference to conservation efforts and to the reduction of human-animal conflicts, and can provide a knowledge base for helping with the increasing threats of habitat destruction and other problems.

F

In conclusion, considering the many ongoing global threats to the environment, it is hard for me to see zoos as anything other than essential to the long-term survival of numerous species. They are vital not just in terms of protecting animals, but as a means of learning about them to aid those still in the wild, as well as educating and informing the general population about these animals and their world so that they can assist or at least accept the need to be more environmentally conscious (Q25 Q26). Without them, the world would be, and would increasingly become, a much poorer place.

27. FALSE

Question: Rochman and her colleagues were the first people to research the problem of marine debris.

Keywords:

– Rochman and her colleagues

– the problem of marine debris = the state of marine debris

Explain: Paragraph 2 mentions that “plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of marine debris” and that “Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real”. This implies that there has been other research on marine debris before Rochman and her colleagues, and they want to examine these previous studies. Thus, the statement is FALSE.

28. NOT GIVEN

Question: The creatures most in danger from ocean trash are certain seabirds.

Keywords: certain seabirds

Explain: Paragraph 3 only mentions that “certain seabirds eat plastic bags” but we do not find any information about them being the most in danger. Scientists have only “speculated” about wider effects: “There wasn’t a lot of information”. Thus it is NOT GIVEN.

29. FALSE

Question: Combining work with play may be the best way for children to learn.

Keywords:

– Combining work with play = this mid-point between play and work

– be the best way for children to learn = create robust opportunities for playful learning.

Explain: Joan Goodman (paragraph 7) suggested that “hybrid forms of work and play can provide optimal contexts for learning”. This means that such hybrid, or combination, could be the best way for children to learn.

30. TRUE

Question: Rochman analysed papers on the different kinds of danger caused by ocean trash.

Keywords:

– different kinds of danger = 366 perceived threats

– analysed = examined

– ocean trash = marine debris

Explain: Paragraph 4 states that “Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris” and found 366 perceived threats. It can be understood that these papers focused on various kinds of danger (threat) caused by ocean trash (marine debris).

31. FALSE

Question: Most of the research analysed by Rochman and her colleagues was badly designed.

Keywords:

– was badly designed = weaknesses in design

– research = studies

Explain: In paragraph 5, the author states that “In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true”. So, there is obviously no reason to think that this research was badly designed if the findings were proven true, “In the remaining cases, the working group found the studies had weaknesses in design”. Therefore, only 17 percent of the cases analysed were badly designed. So, most of the cases were well designed. The statement is FALSE.

32. TRUE

Question: One study examined by Rochman was expecting to find that mussels were harmed by eating plastic.

Keywords:

– One study = only one well-designed study

– was expecting to find = failed to find

Explain: The information about mussels (a type of shellfish) can be found in paragraph 6 The study examined mussels that eat plastic, “but it didn’t seem to stress out the shellfish”. This means that the plastic didn’t seem to have any harmful effect on the mussels. Rochman said this study “failed to find the effect it was looking for”, so clearly it was looking for some effect of the plastic on the mussels.

33. NOT GIVEN

Question: Some mussels choose to eat plastic in preference to their natural diet.

Keywords: some, mussels, choose, eat, plastic, preference, natural, diet

Explain: Paragraph 7 only states that the “mussels may be fine eating trash”. It does not mean they prefer trash to their natural diet. The statement is NOT GIVEN.

34. large

Question: bits of debris that were 34…………… (harmful to animals)

Keywords:

– bits of debris = pieces of debris

– harmful to animals = injuring themselves.

Explain: Rochman found (paragraph 8) that “most of the dangers also involved large pieces of debris” that can cause severe injuries to animals. So the answer is “large”.

35. microplastic

Question: There was little research into 35…………… e.g. from synthetic fibres

Keywords:

– There was little research into = found little research on

– From synthetic fibres = fibers shed by synthetic clothing

Explain: Paragraph 9 mentions that “Rochman’s group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits”, with “tiny bits” referring to microplastic. So the answer is “microplastic”.

36. populations

Question: most of them focused on individual animals, not entire 36…………….

Keywords:

– focused on = have looked at

– individual animals = individual animal

– entire = whole

– Not = rather than

Explain: The remaining questions refer to the drawbacks of the studies. According to paragraph 10: “Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal… rather than the whole populations”.

37. concentrations

Question: the 37……………. of plastic used in the lab did not always reflect those in the ocean

Keywords: in the lab, plastic, those in the ocean = what’s really in the ocean.

Explain: It is mentioned in paragraph 10 that “in the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than what’s really in the ocean”. This means that the concentrations of plastic used in the lab was different from, and thus did not always correctly reflect, those in the ocean.

38. predators

Question: there was insufficient information on numbers of animals which could be affected the impact of a reduction in numbers on the 38…………… of that species The impact on the ecosystem

Keywords:

– there was insufficient information = None of that tells us

– numbers of animals which could be affected = how many birds or fish or sea turtles could die from plastic pollution

– the impact … on the = affects

– reduction in numbers = deaths in one species

– Of that species = that animal’s

Explain: Rochman said in paragraph 10 that no one can tell us “how deaths in one species could affect that animal’s predators”. Deaths in one species can be understood as a reduction in numbers of that species. Thus, there is insufficient information on how a reduction in numbers of a species can impact on their predators. The blank should be filled with “predators”.

39. disasters

Question: Rochman says more information is needed on the possible impact of future 39…………… (e.g. involving oil).

Keywords:

– more information is needed = need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions/ scientists don’t know exactly

– (e.g. involving oil) = such as a tanker accidentally spilling its whole cargo of oil

Explain: According to Rochman in paragraph11, we need to ask more “ecologically relevant questions”, such as how disasters will affect the environment before they actually happen. This means that more information related to disasters is needed. She also mentioned an oil spill as an example of the impact of future disasters which we need to know more about, by asking the right questions earlier. Hence, the answer is “disasters”.

40. A

Question: What would be the best title for this passage?

A   Assessing the threat of marine debris

Explain:

– The passage does not focus on who is to blame for marine debris, nor does it focus on any new solutions or international action, which are only briefly referred to in paragraph 12. In the final paragraph, Rochman refers to the importance of “clearing up…misconceptions” in order to know how serious the threat of marine debris really is. Therefore, it is important to interrogate “the existing scientific literature” to help ecologists to figure out “which problems really need addressing”.

– The entire passage concerns Rochman and her study on other prior research on marine debris. She assessed these studies to answer the question of whether the situation is as bad as they suggested. In other words, Rochman assessed the threat of marine debris mentioned by other researchers. A is the correct answer.

Passage 3

Chelsea Rochman, an ecologist at the University of California, Davis, has been trying to answer a dismal question: Is everything terrible, or are things just very, very bad?

Rochman is a member of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis’s marine-debris working group, a collection of scientists who study, among other things, the growing problem of marine debris, also known as ocean trash. Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of marine debris; in a recent paper published in the journal Ecology, Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real (Q27).

Often, Rochman says, scientists will end a paper by speculating about the broader impacts of what they’ve found. For example, a study could show that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, and go on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out (Q28). ‘But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived threats,’ Rochman says. ‘There wasn’t a lot of information.’ (Q29)

Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published through 2013. Within each paper, they asked what threats scientists had studied – 366 perceived threats in all – and what they’d actually found (Q30).

In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true. In the remaining cases, the working group found the studies had weaknesses in design and content which affected the validity of their conclusions – they lacked a control group, for example, or used faulty statistics (Q31).

Strikingly, Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels’ stomachs to their bloodstreams, scientists found, and stayed there for weeks – but didn’t seem to stress out the shellfish (Q32).

While mussels may be fine eating trash, though, the analysis also gave a clearer picture of the many ways that ocean debris is bothersome.

Within the studies they looked at, most of the proven threats came from plastic debris, rather than other materials like metal or wood. Most of the dangers also involved large pieces of debris – animals getting entangled in trash, for example, or eating it and severely injuring themselves (Q34).

But a lot of ocean debris is ‘microplastic’, or pieces smaller than five millimeters. These may be ingredients used in cosmetics and toiletries, fibers shed by synthetic clothing in the wash, or eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of studies investigating large-scale debris, Rochman’s group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits (Q35). ‘There are a lot of open questions still for microplastic,’ Rochman says, though she notes that more papers on the subject have been published since 2013, the cutoff point for the group’s analysis.

There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal, or that animal’s tissues or cells, rather than whole populations (Q36). And in the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than what’s really in the ocean (Q37). None of that tells us how many birds or fish or sea turtles could die from plastic pollution – or how deaths in one species could affect that animal’s predators, or the rest of the ecosystem (Q38).

‘We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions,’ Rochman says. Usually, scientists don’t know exactly how disasters such as a tanker accidentally spilling its whole cargo of oil and polluting huge areas of the ocean will affect the environment until after they’ve happened (Q39). ‘We don’t ask the right questions early enough,’ she says. But if ecologists can understand how the slow-moving effect of ocean trash is damaging ecosystems, they might be able to prevent things from getting worse.

Asking the right questions can help policy makers, and the public, figure out where to focus their attention. The problems that look or sound most dramatic may not be the best places to start. For example, the name of the ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch’ – a collection of marine debris in the northern Pacific Ocean – might conjure up a vast, floating trash island. In reality though, much of the debris is tiny or below the surface; a person could sail through the area without seeing any trash at all. A Dutch group called ‘The Ocean Cleanup’ is currently working on plans to put mechanical devices in the Pacific Garbage Patch and similar areas to suck up plastic. But a recent paper used simulations to show that strategically positioning the cleanup devices closer to shore would more effectively reduce pollution over the long term.

‘I think clearing up some of these misperceptions is really important,’ Rochman says. Among scientists as well as in the media, she says, ‘A lot of the images about strandings and entanglement and all of that cause the perception that plastic debris is killing everything in the ocean.’ Interrogating the existing scientific literature can help ecologists figure out which problems really need addressing, and which ones they’d be better off – like the mussels – absorbing and ignoring.

181 thoughts on “Elementor #3988”

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    She helps translate complicated scientific research into easy-to-understand phrases for the public.
    Melissa has written for numerous publications and websites, corresponding to HealthCanal, WellnessVerge, Nature
    Made, Backyard of Life, the Avocado Board, and more. She is the chair
    of the American College of Way Of Life Medicine’s
    Registered Dietitian-Nutritionist Member Interest Group.
    She is lively within the local Larger New York Dietetic Affiliation and Lengthy Island Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, too.

    Flaxseed is a wealthy source of fiber, heart-healthy lipids,
    and different very important nutritional vitamins and minerals.
    Noticed palmetto can also help ladies who’ve estrogen dominance in controlling their estrogen levels.
    Sure, there’s a capsule to decrease testosterone often recognized as the Luteinizing
    hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Given that the majority
    of these studies are carried out on rats, it’s difficult to confidently say whether
    or not it could affect humans or not. An older 2011 examine in girls with PCOS found that consuming walnuts
    elevated SHBG by 12.5% and consuming almonds increased SHBG
    by 16%. Testosterone is a hormone we frequently link with men, however all our bodies produce testosterone.
    Nevertheless, a certification from a reputable organisation, similar
    to Informed Sport, offers an additional layer of confidence in the product’s reliability and integrity.

    References:

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  64. Steroids Effect On Body

    These embrace oysters, shellfish, fatty fish, eggs, leafy greens, cocoa, and extra.
    Zinc is a vital nutrient for hormonal well being, and
    it performs an essential position in hormone manufacturing
    by increasing testosterone naturally. Analysis suggests that zinc plays an necessary role in modulating serum testosterone ranges in normal males.

    This helps both men and women achieve a quicker and longer-lasting orgasm.
    Like cabbage, this vegetable has indole-3-carbinol, which helps remove estrogen storage and will increase
    testosterone manufacturing. In Accordance to a quantity of research,
    this fruit incorporates many antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, which enhance testosterone by sixteen to 30%.

    Unless you’ve excessive ldl cholesterol and your physician suggested
    you not to eat the yolk, they’re a perfectly protected meals.
    Get Pleasure From eggs for breakfast, atop a
    salad, or as a pre-workout snack. Analysis has proven increasing magnesium might assist support higher
    testosterone levels, especially in older males. Get Pleasure From one to 2 servings of leafy greens daily in a smoothie, salad, or sautéed as a nutritious facet dish.
    Leafy greens like spinach, lettuce, and collard greens are excessive in magnesium,
    a vital mineral that helps fight oxidative stress — stopping injury from toxins in the setting.

    What’s extra, limited proof means that supplementing with pomegranate juice may help increase levels of salivary testosterone in male athletes (19).

    Analysis means that men with low vitamin D levels
    tend to have decrease testosterone than males with higher vitamin D ranges.
    This is as a result of vitamin D is crucial for male reproductive well being
    (8).
    They have excessive portions of vitamin C, which is understood to reduce back the degrees of the cortisol hormone, also referred
    to as the stress hormone and that in turn is vital to increasing testosterone levels.

    Vitamin C can also be liable for attacking a specific
    enzyme which is understood for transforming testosterone
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    In this text, we are going to show you how to enhance your testosterone ranges naturally and
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    If you’re wondering how to boost testosterone naturally, the
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    Papayas are a tasty fruit that can be prepared in numerous ways, either mixed
    in a juice, eaten entire or as a compliment to a meal.
    They have high vitamin C ranges which have been proven to aid in testosterone manufacturing and as an additional benefit also aid in muscle progress and recovery.
    There is no definitive proof that caffeine can change testosterone levels.
    A study with round 20 healthy younger men was inconclusive [27].

    They are a source of vitamin D, ldl cholesterol and saturated fat, all of which play very
    important roles within the synthesis of testosterone.
    Vitamin D, usually dubbed the “sunshine vitamin,” has been instantly linked to greater testosterone levels, per a evaluation in Clinical Therapeutics in 2020.
    Most of the fats present in eggs is unsaturated, heart-healthy fats.

    Plus, in accordance with the American Heart Affiliation, wholesome people
    can embody eggs in a heart-smart food plan.
    This slows the production of estrogen and makes testosterone regulation easier in men [14].
    Ginger has been used for hundreds of years as a tonic for better blood circulate and as a medicine for nausea, digestion, and
    colds and flu. Current analysis has advised that it might properly have
    testosterone-boosting properties in addition to
    the aforementioned advantages. Beef merchandise, similar to beef liver and ground beef,
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    Many components can increase or decrease these levels, from some ailments, medications, life-style, and even diet.
    Hone is an internet clinic that helps women and men manage their
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    This antioxidant-rich fruit can help cut back oxidative stress
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    Consume the right foods (reduce junk and smoking and excess alcohol).
    All of the following pointers can cut back stress and help keep your testosterone ranges.
    Whey protein accommodates D-aspartic acid, an amino acid known to increase
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    Reply
  66. OleuropéIne Testosterone

    L’un des avantages que nous voyons avec la suspension de testostérone est
    qu’elle produit des résultats plus rapides que le propionate.

    Le médicament stéroïdien supprime la manufacturing naturelle d’hormones sexuelles mâles.
    Un cycle prolongé nécessite l’utilisation de l’hormone chorion gonadotrophique à raison de 500 UI par semaine.
    Le prix de la qualité pharmaceutique est un peu plus élevé que celui des autres formes de testostérone,
    mais reste raisonnable par rapport à d’autres stéroïdes, compte tenu des résultats obtenus.

    Un autre avantage du propionate de testostérone est qu’il provoque
    moins de ballonnements que les esters à action prolongée.

    C’est juste un de ces détails techniques qui ne font normalement pas une grande différence.
    Mais trop d’œstrogènes est le fléau de tous ceux qui recherchent un physique dur et maigre.
    C’est la testostérone qui rend les hommes, les hommes — plus forts et plus musclés que les femmes, avec moins de graisse.
    À l’inverse, si vous pensez que Masteron n’est pas assez puissant pour répondre à vos besoins, ou si vous recherchez un meilleur stéroïde pour perdre du poids, certains des avantages suivants peuvent être améliorés.

    Le café, le thé et le chocolat sont même connus pour provoquer une forte
    dépendance, probablement bien plus que la testostérone.
    R.I. Wood est l’auteur de plusieurs études scientifiques qui affirment que les dérivés de
    la testostérone ont des propriétés assimilables
    à celles des opiacés. A noter qu’un traitement de ce sort constitue une interférence avec le système hormonal et peut donc causer
    plus de mal que de bien. Nous ne pouvons donc nous fonder que sur un ensemble d’études scientifiques, d’expériences personnelles
    émanant de bodybuilders plus âgés et de l’observation de coachs expérimentés.

    Cependant, si vous avez souffert d’acné sévère à l’adolescence, il est plus que probable que
    vous soyez sujet à une peau grasse et à des
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    Avant de commencer la lecture de cet article, vous devez donc comprendre que les
    éléments partagés plus bas le sont uniquement à
    titre informatif. Les bactéries propioniques ont d’abord été isolées en Suisse dans l’emmental au début du XXe siècle
    par von Freudenreich et Orla-Jensen (1906) à Berne.
    Heureusement, cela signifie également que Masteron a moins d’effets
    secondaires que certains autres stéroïdes que vous pourriez utiliser.

    Si vous envisagez d’utiliser un composé qui influe sur votre santé
    hormonale, il est necessary que vous en appreniez le
    plus attainable. Dans cet article, nous allons vous en dire plus sur
    la structure chimique et la fonction de Masteron, ainsi que sur les éventuels effets secondaires de son utilisation. Masteron, ou
    Propionate de Drostanolone, est un stéroïde androgène distinctive et exotique qui a une histoire intéressante
    et peut être appliqué de différentes manières.
    Le signe le plus fréquent de problèmes au foie est une augmentation des enzymes hépatiques.
    Si vous ne pouvez pas vous en empêcher et que vous persistez dans la prise orale de
    stéroïdes, vous devriez faire examiner votre
    foie deux fois par an. Un niveau élevé d’enzymes est toujours un signe de maladie, un sign que quelque selected
    se passe au niveau de cet organe important. Malheureusement, l’hypothalamus considère tout stéroïde anabolisant comme de la
    testostérone mais la contre réaction est plus forte pour certains stéroïdes (comme la nandrolone) que
    pour d’autres (oxandrolone).
    Mais le corps réagit toujours à un apport de testostérone (ou de
    ses dérivés) par une diminution de sa production.
    L’inhibition de la testostérone, autrement dit une manufacturing
    diminuée de testostérone, affectera tôt ou tard tout consommateur de stéroïdes.

    Méfiez-vous de ce stéroïde si vous faites de la compétition dans une
    self-discipline qui teste ses athlètes, automobile il peut rester dans le corps pendant
    de nombreux mois. En tant qu’androgène puissant, la Masterone peut profiter aux athlètes qui recherchent des gains de force.
    Il peut être un stéroïde très utile pour un athlète qui swimsuit un régime
    restreint en energy afin de maintenir un certain poids requis
    pour son exercice.
    Faire le choix d’utiliser des composés injectables permet de bénéficier d’un massive éventail de stéroïdes, tels que la testostérone,
    la Nandrolone, le Trenbolone et le Sustanon 250.
    L’aide d’une personne tiers (et si potential d’un sportif ayant une plus
    grande expérience en la matière) sera toujours utile pour les premières
    injections. Il existe également de nombreuses ressources (notamment vidéos) sur ce sujet en ligne.

    Si Masteron est effectivement un composé qui inhibe l’enzyme aromatase,
    il pourrait être utile pour maintenir des niveaux optimaux de testostérone libre dans
    le corps. Il pourrait également être utile pour prévenir l’aromatisation d’autres composés ou
    stéroïdes connus pour se convertir en œstrogènes.

    En tant qu’anabolisant, la Masterone n’est pas connue pour aider à augmenter la masse musculaire.

    Il n’a jamais été utilisé pour traiter l’atrophie musculaire dans un sens thérapeutique et sera presque toujours utilisé dans les plans de réduction chez
    les athlètes. Cependant, il peut contribuer à une augmentation significative de la drive,
    ce qui peut être utile pour un athlète qui ne recherche pas nécessairement la masse brute.
    Le seul avantage principal de la prise de propionate de testostérone est qu’il est beaucoup moins cher que l’undécanoate ; Andriol étant l’un des stéroïdes les plus
    chers du marché.

    References:

    OleuropéIne Testosterone

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  67. Steroids Companies

    A lack of sleep can enhance fat mass as a outcome of it could disrupt hormones that control appetite and cravings.

    Furthermore, it could make you more more probably to eat unhealthy meals and snacks.
    You’ll expertise preliminary weight achieve after ten weeks of
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    For more information on the dangers and side effects
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    Widespread unwanted effects of low testosterone embrace lethargy, low vitality,
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    When people come to me and say, “I’ve at all times eaten this fashion, and I’ve never gained weight,” I say to them that it doesn’t matter what you all the time did.

    Additional, testosterone remedy reduces inflammation, improves erectile function and will increase vigor and reduces fatigue.
    These changes in physical and behavioral exercise result in improved quality
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    of the metabolic syndrome. To illustrate the complexity of the
    connection between testosterone and urge for food, let
    us take a glance at an instance. John, a 40-year-old man recognized with low testosterone levels, decides to undergo testosterone alternative remedy.
    After a few weeks of treatment, John notices an increase in urge for food
    and begins consuming bigger meal parts.
    Testosterone is a hormone that is primarily produced within the testicles in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries in girls.

    It plays a vital role in the improvement of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual traits, such as
    muscle mass and bone density. However, testosterone is also important
    for overall well being and well-being, and recent research
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    One of the key methods testosterone is believed to influence weight loss
    is thru its relationship with metabolism. Several studies
    have found that low testosterone levels are linked to lowered metabolic price, which makes it tougher for the body to burn calories
    successfully.
    Girls who are suffering from testosterone deficiency should incorporate loads of fish,
    poultry, nuts, seeds, fruits, and salads into their diet and avoid starches and sugars.
    Most girls tend to realize weight throughout menopause (5) (sometimes as
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    weight gain can be common. As we’ve already talked about, the proper HRT and dosage can reduce
    the chance of weight gain throughout remedy.
    Ghrelin levels are usually larger in individuals with excessive testosterone ranges, which may
    lead to an increase in appetite and subsequent
    weight acquire. Testosterone is a hormone that
    plays a vital function in muscle growth and total physique composition. It is primarily produced
    in the testes in men and in smaller amounts within the ovaries and adrenal glands in girls.
    One of the key functions of testosterone is its ability to advertise muscle
    protein synthesis and inhibit muscle protein breakdown, resulting in a rise in muscle mass.
    DHEA supplements and different hormone replacement alternate options are accessible online with a medical provider’s prescription. The fact that weight reduction increases exponentially with the increased dosage of
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    So telling a fat guy who has T in his 200s to “just shed pounds” would possibly not
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    and have been chubby misplaced an estimated of
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  68. Le Moyen le plus rapide de perdre du poids sans faire d'exercice

    À l’aide d’anticorps spécifiques à la modification, la présence de lysine Kpr et Kbu a
    été détectée sur les histones H3K18 et H4K12, des immunoblots
    confirmant le dépôt dose-dépendant de ces marques.

    Des signaux chimiluminescents ont été développés pour identifier les modifications des histones.
    Acide ribonucléique (ARN) ont utilisé des ARN en épingle à cheveux courts
    (shRNA) et des acides désoxyribonucléiques
    (ADNc) pour cibler l’histone acétyltransférase 1 (HAT1) et étudier son rôle dans l’acétylation. Les modifications post-traductionnelles des histones (PTM) interviennent dans l’interaction entre le métabolisme
    et l’épigénétique, influençant la santé et la maladie.
    Au-delà de l’acétylation, les acylations de
    lysine à chaîne courte comme la propionylation (Kpr) et la butyrylation (Kbu) lient le métabolisme à la régulation des
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    chromatine, influençant la croissance, la différenciation et le transport des
    ions, avec des effets contrastés sur les cellules
    cancéreuses normales et colorectales.
    En raison de ses propriétés androgènes, Le propionate de testostérone n’est généralement
    pas recommandé pour les femmes en raison du risque de virilisation (Développement des caractères masculins).
    Les cycles durent généralement entre 6 À 10 Semaines, avec des cycles plus courts offrant des avantages tout en minimisant les
    effets secondaires potentiels. Certaines personnes
    préfèrent travailler avec Deca seul, d’autres l’utilisent avec Dianabol ou la testostérone énanthate.
    Si la cortisone n’est pas tolérée, les substances actives du groupe des antagonistes de la calcineurine, également efficaces,
    sont disponibles comme alternatives à la cortisone. Les specialists conseillent
    d’utiliser soit la cortisone OU les alternate options, mais selon la state of affairs de la patiente une combinaison des deux peut également être suggérée.

    Depuis lors, les athlètes et les culturistes l’utilisent pour améliorer leurs performances sportives
    et l’efficacité de leurs entraînements. Deca Durabolin, également connu sous le nom de Nandrolone, est l’un des stéroïdes anabolisants les plus populaires sur Le Moyen le plus rapide de perdre du poids sans faire d’exercice marché.
    Il est largement considéré comme l’un des stéroïdes les plus doux, ce
    qu’il peut être, si et seulement si vous faites très consideration à la façon dont vous l’utilisez.
    Conformément aux lignes directrices, la pommade à la cortisone doit toujours être utilisé en combinaison avec des pommades émollientes
    et des produits de soins doux.
    Leur rôle dans le développement de l’arôme et dans la formation des trous dans la pâte fut élucidé à cette époque.
    Consultez le schéma détaillé du cycle de Krebs pour en savoir plus sur
    les différentes réactions et sur les enzymes impliquées dans chaque catabolisme.
    Le cycle de Krebs a été découvert en 1937 par Hans Krebs, médecin allemand né en 1900.

    Mais aussi et surtout sur les risques que présentent ces substances et les potentiels effets secondaires.
    Cette recherche préalable permettra de prendre une décision éclairée quant à
    l’utilisation de stéroïdes, ou non. La prise de stéroides anabolisants pour un débutant peut poser de nombreux problèmes.
    En effet, sans accompagnement et avec une connaissance encore balbutiante
    des effets de ces produits sur l’organisme, les risques d’effets secondaires sont beaucoup plus
    importants. Il faut également tenir compte du fait que les
    stéroides sont illégaux en France. Se les procurer suppose
    donc de passer par un marché noir qui regorge de contre-façon. Propionate de testostérone est fortement recommandé comme base de cycles de building de masse et de coupe.

    Certains utilisateurs rapportent ressentir une augmentation de la
    drive et de l’énergie au cours de la première semaine.

    Les features musculaires et la perte de graisse sont souvent
    visibles à l’intérieur 3-4 Semaines, en fonction du régime alimentaire et de l’entraînement.
    Surveillance et gestion proactive (comme l’utilisation de l’IA et du PCT) aider à atténuer ces effets secondaires.
    Ceux-ci sont lents à fonctionner, mais vous ne ressentez
    pas les effets secondaires désastreux qui accompagnent les stéroïdes.
    Vous pouvez trouver de nombreux substituts organiques qui vous donneront plus ou
    moins les mêmes effets que Deca Durabolin vous donne. L’extraction des histones acides et la spectrométrie de masse ont révélé des modifications
    des histones dépendantes de la dose par le NaPr marqué au 13C.
    Le séquençage d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine (ChIP-seq), le test
    de séquençage de la chromatine accessible à la transposase (ATAC-seq) et les checks de clivage sous cibles et de tagmentation (CUT&Tag)
    ont été réalisés pour cartographier les modifications des
    histones et l’accessibilité de la chromatine.

    L’énanthate de testostérone et le cypionate sont des
    esters similaires à bien des égards. Ils ont tous deux une
    motion lente, donc les injections ne doivent être administrées qu’une fois tous les four à 5 jours
    (contre une fois tous les 2 jours pour le propionate). Ce stéroïde se distingue par ses propriétés de provoquer
    une rétention d’eau nul ou quasi nul dans les muscular tissues.
    Acheter propionate ne produit pas une croissance rapide de la masse, disons de 5 à 6 kg en quelques
    semaines, mais les muscular tissues gagnés sont extrêmement
    secs et volumineux. L’agent actif start à agir dès son entrée dans la circulation sanguine, c’est pourquoi les effets de ce médicament anabolisant sont perceptibles dès la première injection.
    En outre, l’énanthate/cypionate sont des esters plus abordables que le
    propionate à long terme. Par exemple, quelqu’un pourrait avoir un test de dépistage
    de drogue à une certaine date, donc s’il utilisait Suspension, il pourrait arrêter de le prendre quelques jours avant et ne pas être testé positif.

    En effet, le temps de détection de Test Suspension est de 1
    à 2 jours, avec une demi-vie de moins de 24 heures. La seule state of affairs où la suspension de testostérone pourrait être
    avantageuse est avant une compétition, où elle disparaît rapidement du système.
    Mais plus que toute autre chose, le prop est
    une forme plus pure de testostérone, principalement parce
    qu’il n’est pas lié à un ester, ce qui permet une libération lente.
    C’est pourquoi il faut procéder à plusieurs
    injections hebdomadaires, ou mieux encore, quotidiennes. Quel
    est donc l’intérêt d’utiliser une substance qui doit être injectée tous
    les jours?
    Sinon, vous constaterez que vous perdrez les features que vous avez réalisés tout au long du processus
    ou que vous commencerez à développer un sevrage automobile Deca
    réduit la manufacturing naturelle de testostérone dans le corps.

    À mesure que ces niveaux hormonaux chutent, vous pourriez ressentir des troubles de l’humeur, une
    dysfonction érectile et de nombreux autres symptômes.

    Cycles Deca DurabolinTous les stéroïdes anabolisants sont utilisés selon les cycles.
    Aucun stéroïde n’est utilisé perpétuellement,
    pendant de longues périodes, et vous devez les utiliser avec des pauses au milieu.
    Si vous ne le faites pas, vos effets secondaires
    augmenteront en intensité plus vous prolongerez le
    cycle. Propionate de Masteron est une version de propionate de
    drostanolone (masteron) superbement conçue. Cette model de masteron injectable à
    motion rapide vous garantit de vous mettre dans des situations propices pour remporter une compétition.De
    nombreux bodybuilders professionnels ne pourraient finaliser
    leur préparation à une compétition sans utiliser des injections de propionate de masteron.
    Nous savons également (même si la recherche est limitée dans ce domaine et qu’elle n’est donc pas définitive) que la nandrolone, un stéroïde anabolisant très populaire,
    endommage probablement les cellules endothéliales des vaisseaux sanguins.
    La plupart des recherches sérieuses menées dans le domaine des stéroïdes androgènes anabolisants (SAA), qui sont en fait des dérivés de testostérone, l’ont été dans les années 60 et 70.
    Depuis, et surtout après 1990 (lorsque les Etats-Unis ont promulgué les lois
    anti-stéroïdes), on évite ce sujet comme la peste dans la plupart des cercles scientifiques.

    Avant de commencer une première treatment de stéroide, il est primordial de
    s’informer des potentiels effets secondaires pouvant être lié à la prise d’un anabolisant.

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  69. https://coolpot.stream

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