You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.
There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.
Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea’s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.
There were many kinds of warship. The ‘trireme’ was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.
Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.
The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.
The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognisable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians.
2 Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks.
3 The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull before the frame.
4 The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use.
5 Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army.
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.
Warships were designed so that they were 6 ………………… and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of 7 ………………… was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different 8 ………………… .
Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad 9 ………………… that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and 10 ………………… sails. On merchant ships and warships, 11 ………………… was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time.
Quantities of agricultural goods such as 12 ………………… were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by 13 ………………… . When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
A
Well above the treeline in Norway’s highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth’s climate warms. As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years – items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age* traders. And those artefacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
———–
*Viking Age: a period of European history from around 700 CE to around 1050 CE when Scandinavian Vikings migrated throughout Europe by means of trade and warfare
B
Organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites. This is because unless they’re protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend no to last long. Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years, but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.
With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts, preserve them, and study them. If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science, or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well-preserved. The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.
C
Over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Pilø of Oppland County Council, Norway, and James Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country’s highest mountains. Reindeer once congregated on these ice patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age**, hunters followed. In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oppland, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.
The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 metres. That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.
‘Fieldwork is hard work – hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost – but very rewarding. You’re rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention, discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment,’ says Barrett.
—————
**The Stone Age: a period in early history that began about 3.4 million years ago
D
At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefacts, which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BCE to the beginnings of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many of the artefacts are associated with hunting. Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home. Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oppland: all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
E
Barrett’s team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region – such as periods of cooling or warming – and major social and economic shifts – such as the growth of farming settlements and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. They found that some periods had produced lots of artefacts, which indicates that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times. But there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
F
What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods. Oppland’s mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold, glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult. Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the Late Antique Little Ice Age, a short period of deeper-than-usual cold from about 536-600 CE. But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold, based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.
‘Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period, perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures,’ says Barrett. A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
G
Many of the artefacts Barrett’s team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking Age, the 700s through to the 900s CE. Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Middle East were expanding around this time. Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods travelled on overland routes, like the mountain passes of Oppland. And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs. Business must have been good for hunters.
H
Norway’s mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history – and prehistory – in remote ice patches. When Barrett’s team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, they noticed a gap with almost no artefacts from about 3,800 to 2,200 BCE. In fact, archaeological finds from that period are rare all over Norway. The researchers say that could be because many of those artefacts have already disintegrated or are still frozen in the ice. That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artefacts from retreating ice in years to come.
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct number, A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14 an explanation for weapons being left behind in the mountains
15 a reference to the physical difficulties involved in an archaeological expedition
16 an explanation of why less food may have been available
17 a reference to the possibility of future archaeological discoveries
18 examples of items that would have been traded
19 a reference to the pressure archaeologists are under to work quickly
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.
Organic materials such as animal skins and textiles are not discovered very often at archaeological sites. They have little protection against 20 …………………, which means that they decay relatively quickly. But this is not always the case. If temperatures are low enough, fragile artefacts can be preserved for thousands of years.
A team of archaeologists have been working in the mountains in Oppland in Norway to recover artefacts revealed by shrinking ice cover. In the past, there were trade routes through these mountains and 21 ………………… gathered there in the summer months to avoid being attacked by 22 ………………… on lower ground. The people who used these mountains left things behind and it is those objects that are of interest to archaeologists.
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about the discoveries of Barrett’s team?
A Artefacts found in the higher mountain passes were limited to skiing equipment.
B Hunters went into the mountains even during periods of extreme cold.
C The number of artefacts from certain time periods was relatively low.
D Radiocarbon dating of artefacts produced some unreliable results.
E More artefacts were found in Oppland than at any other mountain site.
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about the Viking Age?
A Hunters at this time benefited from an increased demand for goods.
B The beginning of the period saw the greatest growth in the wealth of Vikings.
C Vikings did not rely on ships alone to transport goods.
D Norwegian towns at this time attracted traders from around the world.
E Vikings were primarily interested in their trading links with the Middle East.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been found to have a second job as a thermometer after dark – allowing plants to read seasonal temperature changes. Scientists say the discovery could help breed crops that are more resilient to the temperatures expected to result from climate change
A
An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered that the ‘thermometer’ molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes. Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes – used by plants to detect light during the day – actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night.
The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.
B
At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is ‘directly proportional to temperature’, say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer. The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change – stimulating plant growth.
C
Farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature: warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early, something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year. The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants that reacts to temperature – often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.
D
With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change, researchers say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops. ‘It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this. Key crops such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures. Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every one degree increase in temperature,’ says lead researcher Dr Philip Wigge from Cambridge’s Sainsbury Laboratory. ‘Discovering the molecules that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress and climate change.’
E
In their active state, phytochrome molecules bind themselves to DNA to restrict plant growth. During the day, sunlight activates the molecules, slowing down growth. If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated – enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again. This is how plants compete to escape each other’s shade. ‘Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second,’ says Wigge.
At night, however, it’s a different story. Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state. This is called ‘dark reversion’. ‘Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature,’ says Wigge.
F
‘The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity, so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state. This is why plants are slower to grow in winter. Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant’s DNA – allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.’ Wigge believes phytochrome thermo-sensing evolved at a later stage, and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.
G
Some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the reason. Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact, the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season: oak before ash we’ll have a plash, ash before oak we’re in for a soak.
Wigge explains: ‘Oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development, whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing. A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash. A cold spring will see the opposite. As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.’
H
The new findings are the culmination of twelve years of research involving scientists from Germany, Argentina and the US, as well as the Cambridge team. The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis, but Wigge says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well. ‘Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants, and even alter their activity using precise molecular “scalpels”,’ adds Wigge. ‘Cambridge is uniquely well-positioned to do this kind of research as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology, and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.’
Questions 27-32
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27 The Cambridge scientists’ discovery of the ‘thermometer molecule’ caused surprise among other scientists.
28 The target for agricultural production by 2050 could be missed.
29 Wheat and rice suffer from a rise in temperatures.
30 It may be possible to develop crops that require less water.
31 Plants grow faster in sunlight than in shade.
32 Phytochromes change their state at the same speed day and night.
Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
33 mention of specialists who can make use of the research findings
34 a reference to a potential benefit of the research findings
35 scientific support for a traditional saying
36 a reference to people traditionally making plans based on plant behaviour
37 a reference to where the research has been reported
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38 Daffodils are likely to flower early in response to ………………….. weather.
39 If ash trees come into leaf before oak trees, the weather in ………………….. will probably be wet.
40 The research was carried out using a particular species of ………………….. .
This post was last modified on 15 May 2024 18:35
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In the same yr, Chapel and colleagues in Oxford reported intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) might forestall infections in CLL sufferers with hypogammaglobulinaemia.
In 1988, Catovsky and colleagues reported the primary MRC randomised trials
of CLL evaluating chlorambucil with watch and wait and cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone mixture chemotherapy.
In 1977, Fred Sanger printed ‘DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors’, broadly adopted and known as ‘Sanger sequencing’.
The first thalassaemia and sickle cell disease centre was established
in Brent, London, in 1979 by nurse specialist Elizabeth Anionwu and advisor
haematologist Millica Brozovic. The first thalassaemia and sickle cell illness centre was established in Brent, London, in 1979 by nurse specialist Elizabeth
Anionwu and advisor haematologist Millica Brozovic.
There have subsequently been thirteen trials funded by firstly the Medical Research Council, then Most Cancers Analysis UK and UK Myeloma Research Alliance.
When they do occur they're fairly particular, and embody aquagenic
pruritus, erythromelalgia, signs of arterial or venous thromboses, and gout.
In addition, the chance for transformation to myelofibrosis in sufferers who have polycythemia
vera is approximately 15%; in such cases, they current with fatigue, bone pain, sweating,
and signs of splenomegaly, similar to early satiety and/or splenic
ache. The danger for transformation to acute leukemia is
decrease, at 3% to 5%, by which case the symptoms are the identical as those in any acute leukemia.
After I see a patient with elevated hemoglobin,
my next step is to take a medical and family history. Differentiating between acquired and
congenital polycythemia and between sporadic and familial polycythemia
requires a time-consuming analysis. Complicating issues is that polycythemia vera is at all times acquired, arising from a
somatic mutation, however well-documented clusters of circumstances
of polycythemia vera in households do exist.
This finding suggests the existence of a not-yet-defined familial genetic predisposition to somatic mutations that result in the development of those
problems.
This evaluate examines the literature regarding testosterone-induced erythrocytosis and polycythemia.
Factors such because the patient’s age, total health, lifestyle, and the severity of polycythemia play an important position in determining the most appropriate remedy plan. Common follow-ups and blood tests are important to watch
the effectiveness of any adjustments and to make sure that the
affected person maintains optimum testosterone levels
for their health and well-being. When deciphering hemoglobin and hematocrit test outcomes, healthcare providers consider a quantity of
factors, including the patient’s age, gender, total well being, and particular TRT regimen.
The medical and experimental research discussed
in this evaluate have been retrieved from the peer-reviewed
journals indexed on the PubMed database from January 1954 to June 2011.
A Quantity Of searches have been performed, using the search terms testosterone, androgen, erythropoiesis, polycythemia, hemopoiesis, white cell, lymhocyte,
neutrophil, thrombocyte, platelet, prostate most cancers and males.
Historic references (published prior to 1954) had been retrieved
from library archives. Regardless Of its positive results, TTh has several common unwanted effects, together
with will increase in estrogen levels, gynecomastia, and erythrocytosis [10–15].
A Lot recent attention has been focused on the consequences of
TTh on the cardiovascular system. In Depth debate has surrounded high impact publications with questionable methodologies and controversial conclusions
that suggested vital cardiovascular threat for men on TTh with alternative research suggesting profit
[16–20].
Hydration, food plan, physical activity, smoking cessation, stress management, and regular well being
check-ups collectively contribute to a more healthy blood profile and overall well-being.
These lifestyle changes, in conjunction with medical therapies, present a
complete approach to managing polycythemia, guaranteeing the secure and
effective continuation of TRT. Navigating the complexities of managing polycythemia while on TRT necessitates a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.
Individual treatment plans should be tailor-made primarily based on the patient’s specific
needs, response to therapy, and the severity of polycythemia.
Common consultations and open communication with healthcare
professionals are essential for making informed choices and adjusting treatment strategies as wanted.
For many people on Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT), the looks of polycythemia – a rise in red blood cell rely
– presents a challenging dilemma.
It aims \"to play a number one role in secure and efficient transfusion follow by delivering prime quality education and coaching, setting standards and promoting analysis and development and innovation\".
A meta-analysis in 2015 of over 400 instances treated
with rituximab discovered an total response fee
of 70% in patients with warm AIHA (half obtained concomitant steroids) and 57% in sufferers with chilly
haemagglutinin illness (CHAD). Large-scale genotyping
of purple cell genes allows extra extensively genotyped stock
and identification of rare donors the place serological screening reagents not out there.
BSH printed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of grownup aplastic anaemia in 2016.
Analysis might be made on the idea of SF, transferrin saturation and HFE status.
In 2014, the NCRI Myeloma X trial confirmed the benefit of high-dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem-cell
transplantation as consolidation remedy in sufferers with relapsed multiple myeloma after earlier autologous stem-cell transplantation. A 2011 report within the New England Journal of Medicine
reported the use of gene therapy in six sufferers with
haemophilia in a dose-escalation design.
(Patient protocols may range primarily based on particular person responses, and you must at all times follow your provider’s guidance).
Polycythemia is linked to critical problems corresponding to blood clots, stroke, and coronary heart assault.
Therapies similar to life-style changes, medicines, therapeutic phlebotomy, prescription adjustments, and surgery may help prevent
these issues. Polycythemia can be a threat for transgender men taking testosterone as hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
A 2021 examine means that about 11.5% of transgender
men receiving HRT develop polycythemia. It is mostly beneficial that men with existing prostate most cancers not be treated with androgens to avoid the risk of accelerating tumor progress.
These could possibly be removed by leukapheresis, cryopreserved and subsequently used to
autograft sufferers with advanced section illness. In 1984, Moake reported detecting ultra-large von Willebrand factor multimers in plasma of sufferers with persistent relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
This discovery offered a clue that these proteins were liable
for the increased risk of thrombosis. If I am in a place
to exclude arterial hypoxia, elevated carbon monoxide, and methemoglobinemia, I measure the erythropoietin level.
This is usually low in polycythemia vera and even decrease in primary familial
and congenital polycythemia. Of course, it is typically unimaginable to discover out how lengthy the
elevation has been current as a outcome of it might be that the patient’s hemoglobin stage
is being tested for the primary time in maturity.
References:
Anabolic Muscle Growth
B12 ist für eine optimale Produktion roter Blutkörperchen unerlässlich, und ein Mangel an diesem Vitamin kann zu Anämie führen. SIBO
kann nach einem chirurgischen Eingriff oder als Folge einer Krankheit auftreten. Dadurch kann eine Tasche
oder ein ähnlicher Zustand entstehen, der den Verdauungsprozess verlangsamt und einen Nährboden für Bakterien schafft.
In einigen Fällen kann ein chirurgischer Eingriff notwendig
sein, um dies zu beheben, aber die häufigste Vorgehensweise ist eine antibiotische Behandlung oder die Verwendung
antiseptischer Kräuter. Unabhängig von der Ursache ist es wichtig,
in solchen Fällen ärztliche Hilfe in Anspruch zu nehmen. Früher glaubte man, die
Bakterien unserer Darmflora seien lediglich ein Werkzeug zur Verdauung von Ballaststoffen und anderen unverdaulichen Verbindungen. Neuere Forschungen deuten jedoch darauf
hin, dass das Darmmikrobiom bei verschiedenen Erkrankungen eine wichtige Rolle spielen kann.
Testosteron ist ein Steroidhormon vom Androgentyp, das von Männern in den Hoden und von Frauen in den Eierstöcken produziert wird und aus Cholesterin hergestellt wird.
Die hypophyse produziert kein testosteron mehr (slonec.com) ist dafür verantwortlich,
den Hoden zu signalisieren, die Produktion von Testosteron zu beginnen oder zu stoppen. Der natürliche Testosteronspiegel bei Männern ist höher als bei Frauen, und das Hormon ist für die Entwicklung der Geschlechtsorgane bei Männern verantwortlich.
Das Hormon ist auch an der Entwicklung männlicher Merkmale beteiligt, wie dem Wachstum von Haaren, dem Adamsapfel und einer geringen Körperfettmasse.
Testosteron wird vom Körper für das Wachstum von Organen und Muskeln verwendet und stimuliert die Sexualfunktionen und die Spermienproduktion. Nachdem Sie Ihren Bluttest bezahlt
haben, erhalten Sie von der Web Site eine E-Mail mit Ihren Bestellinformationen. Außerdem wird Ihnen mitgeteilt, welches Labor Sie in Ihrer Nähe aufsuchen müssen, um
den Test durchführen zu lassen.
Um einen niedrigen Testosteronspiegel zu diagnostizieren,
sollten Sie einen Bluttest bei Ihrem Arzt machen lassen und
feststellen, was Sie tun müssen, um Ihren T-Spiegel auf
ein normales Niveau zu bringen. Die Konzentration von Testosteron im Blut reguliert über einen negativen Rückkopplungsmechanismus die
Produktion von GnRH und LH. Wenn der Testosteronspiegel im
Blut zu hoch wird, wird die Produktion von GnRH und LH reduziert, was
wiederum die Testosteronproduktion drosselt.
Wenn Sie jedoch Sportler sind und regelmäßig trainieren, ist Ihr Proteinbedarf höher, um Muskelkater zu reparieren und wieder aufzubauen und
sich schneller zu erholen. In diesem Fall empfehlen wir Ihnen, vor der Einnahme
von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln einen Ernährungsberater zu konsultieren. Es ist jedoch wichtig, eine vollwertige Proteinquelle
für das Nahrungsergänzungsmittel zu wählen. Erbsenprotein ist beispielsweise eines
der beliebtesten veganen Proteinpulver. Obwohl es einen hohen Proteingehalt hat,
enthält es nur wenige essentielle Aminosäuren. Daher müssen Sie auf andere Proteinquellen wie Quinoa, Buchweizen und Hülsenfrüchte zurückgreifen, um den Bedarf Ihres Körpers zu decken. Viele Menschen verwenden möglicherweise
den Begriff „Arzneimittelallergie" oder „Arzneimittelallergie".
Umgekehrt steigert ein niedriger Testosteronspiegel die Produktion von GnRH und LH, um die
Testosteronproduktion anzukurbeln. Ein zu niedriger Testosteronspiegel kann bei Männern zu Symptomen wie verringertem sexuellem Verlangen, Müdigkeit und
Despair führen. Bei Frauen kann ein niedriger Testosteronspiegel ähnliche Auswirkungen haben und auch
die Knochendichte beeinträchtigen. Testosteron spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei
der Regulation der Fruchtbarkeit bei Männern. Ein angemessener Testosteronspiegel ist für die Spermienproduktion und die Qualität der Spermien von großer Bedeutung.
Es spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in der Geschlechtsreife, dem
Stoffwechsel und der Libido. Sowohl Männer als auch Frauen fragen sich oft, welche Testosteronwerte als regular gelten. Der durchschnittliche Testosteronspiegel nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter ab und dieses Phänomen wird als spät einsetzender Hypogonadismus
bezeichnet. Drei charakteristische Merkmale, die die Gegenwart des spät einsetzenden Hypogonadismus definieren, sind geringe Libido, reduzierte spontane Erektion und erektile Dysfunktion. An altersbedingtem Hypogonadismus sind sowohl primärer als auch sekundärer Hypogonadismus beteiligt.
Während einer Blutuntersuchung entnimmt ein Arzt mit einer
kleinen Nadel eine Blutprobe aus einer Vene in Ihrem Arm. Nach
dem Einführen der Nadel wird eine kleine Menge Blut in einem Reagenzglas oder Fläschchen gesammelt.
Sie können einen kleinen Stich spüren, wenn die Nadel ein- oder ausgeht.
Auf den ersten Blick mag der Zusammenhang zwischen Ihrer DNA und den Lebensmitteln, die
Sie essen, unklar erscheinen.
In seltenen Fällen können diese C-Zellen entarten und sich zum sogenannten medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinom entwickeln. Aus diesem Grund kann ein erhöhter Calcitonin-Wert ein Hinweis auf den medullären Schilddrüsenkrebs sein (Tumormarker).
Andere Symptome – Zu den anderen Symptomen im Zusammenhang mit einem
niedrigen Testosteronspiegel gehören eine geringe
Muskelmasse und eine nicht tiefere Stimme.
Avocado, Lachs, Nüsse und Co für ungesättigte FettsäurenTestosteron wird
aus Cholesterin hergestellt. Demzufolge kann eine fettreiche Ernährung mit vielen ungesättigte Fettsäuren deine Testosteronproduktion begünstigen. Gute Fette findest du
in Avocados, Lachs, Nüssen, Samen und hochwertigen Ölen wie Olivenöl.
Die Testosteron-Ersatztherapie (TRT) kann eine Lösung für diejenigen sein, die unter den Symptomen eines niedrigen Testosteronspiegels leiden. Bei der Testosterontherapie wird dem Körper zusätzliches Testosteron zugeführt, um den Spiegel zu erhöhen und
im normalen Bereich zu halten. Eine der besten natürlichen Ergänzungen zur Steigerung des Testosterons bei
Frauen ist Hersolution.