Cambridge 11 Reading Test 04
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Research using twins
To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment – of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them -one twin having younger looking skin, for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.
Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.
These two lines of research – studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance – have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.
The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.
Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. in broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.
Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.
Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.
If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys – each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are – then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.
One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example.
Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. ‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.’
Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.’
Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. ‘Things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now that we’re actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.
2 Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.
3 Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.
4 Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.
Questions 5-9
Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
List of Researchers
A Francis Galton
B Thomas Bouchard
C Danielie Reed
5 invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics
6 expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge
7 developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences
8 pioneered research into genetics using twins
9 carried out research into twins who had lived apart
Questions 10-13
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
Epigenetic processes
In epigenetic processes, 10……………. influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11………….. The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our 12……………. One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its 13……………….
A nurture B organs C code
D chemicals E environment F behaviour/behavior
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
An Introduction to Film Sound
Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as the image on the screen, and is ultimately just as much the responsibility of the director. The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below. They include dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound effects, and music.
Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge. Perhaps this is because the very texture of a performer’s voice supplies an element of character.
When voice textures fit the performer’s physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges. The viewer sees not an actor working at his craft, but another human being struggling with life. It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For example, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2001, little dialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film, the ‘inadequacy of human responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe’.
The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character played by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor. The audience is bounced from gag to gag and conversation to conversation; there is no time for audience reflection. The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure escapism – largely due to its frenetic dialogue.
Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is viewed. For example, if the film portrays a character playing the piano, the sounds of the piano are projected. Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere. For example, the ‘click’ of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound. However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the ‘click’ with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.
Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are not matched with a visible source of the sound on screen. Such sounds are included so as to provide an appropriate emotional nuance, and they may also add to the realism of the film. For example, a film-maker might opt to include the background sound of an ambulance’s siren while the foreground sound and image portrays an arguing couple. The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurred in the argument; at the same time the noise of the siren adds to the realism of the film by acknowledging the film’s city setting.
We are probably all familiar with background music in films, which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. We are aware that it is used to add emotion and rhythm. Usually not meant to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an emotional attitude toward the story and /or the characters depicted. In addition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood. For example, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.
Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes. For example, a particular musical theme associated with an individual character or situation may be repeated at various points in a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas.
Film sound comprises conventions and innovations. We have come to expect an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doors in horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well that sound is often brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century – the modern film.
Questions 14-18
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that
A the director should plan the sound track at an early stage in filming.
B it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.
C the music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound in film.
D it is important for those working on the sound in a film to have sole responsibility for it.
15 One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to exemplify
A the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar personalities.
B the audience’s wish that actors are visually appropriate for their roles.
C the value of the actor having had similar feelings to the character.
D the audience’s preference for dialogue to be as authentic as possible.
16 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that
A audiences are likely to be critical of film dialogue that does not reflect their own experience.
B film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specific purpose.
C filmmakers vary considerably in the skill with which they handle dialogue.
D the most successful films are those with dialogue of a high Quality.
17 What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up
A The plot suffers from the filmmaker’s wish to focus on humorous dialogue.
B The dialogue helps to make it one of the best comedy films ever produced.
C There is a mismatch between the speed of the dialogue and the speed of actions.
D The nature of the dialogue emphasises key elements of the film.
18 The writer refers to the ‘click’ of a door to make the point that realistic sounds
A are often used to give the audience a false impression of events in the film.
B may be interpreted in different ways by different members of the audience.
C may be modified in order to manipulate the audience’s response to the film.
D tend to be more significant in films presenting realistic situations.
Questions 19-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
19 Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks background music.
20 Background music may anticipate a development in a film.
21 Background music has more effect on some people than on others.
22 Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film.
23 Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them.
Questions 24-26
Complete each sentence with the correct letter below.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 The audience’s response to different parts of a film can be controlled
25 The feelings and motivations of characters become clear
26 A character seems to be a real person rather than an actor
A when the audience listens to the dialogue.
B if the film reflects the audience’s own concerns.
C if voice, sound and music are combined appropriately.
D when the director is aware of how the audience will respond.
E when the actor s appearance, voice and moves are consistent with each other.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
‘This Marvellous Invention’
A
Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions -the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread – may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.
B
But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: ‘this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul’ This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankind s greatest invention – except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets.
C
Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,sh,a,e and so on – amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.
D
The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesn’t have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl – to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art.
E
Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word çehirliliçtiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one example, means nothing less than ‘you are one of those whom we can’t turn into a town-dweller’. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together – most ol its components cannot even stand up on their own.)
F
And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintuma’a (‘when he had made it suitable for her’) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse – the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun ‘it’ in the English translation ‘when he had made it suitable for her’, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Differences between languages highlight their impressiveness
ii The way in which a few sounds are organised to convey a huge range of meaning
iii Why the sounds used in different languages are not identical
iv Apparently incompatible characteristics of language
v Even silence can be meaningful
vi Why language is the most important invention of all
vii The universal ability to use language
27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
29 Paragraph C
30 Paragraph D
31 Paragraph E
32 Paragraph F
Questions 33-36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.
The importance of language
The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33……………… aspects of life, but no impact has been as 34………………. as that of language. Language is very 35…………………, yet composed of just a small number of sounds.
Language appears to be 36………………… to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.
A difficult B complex C original
D admired E material F easy
G fundamental
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
37 Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.
38 The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.
39 A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.
40 The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.
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Bei der Einnahme von Testosteron ist besondere
Vorsicht geboten, da es zu einer negativen Veränderung des Cholesterinspiegels (Erhöhung
des LDL-Spiegels) und damit zu einem Anstieg des Blutdrucks führen kann.
Sie können auch ein Shampoo mit Koffein verwenden, das nachweislich die Lebensdauer der Haarfollikel
auf der Kopfhaut verlängert. Testosteron ist
ein Aufbaupräparat, das dazu bestimmt ist, dem Körper ernsthafte Muskelmasse zuzuführen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist Anavar ein Definierungs-Steroid, das dazu dient, Sie zu definieren. Um auf den eigentlichen Inhalt zuzugreifen, klicken Sie auf die
Schaltfläche unten. Bitte beachten Sie, dass dabei Daten an Drittanbieter weitergegeben werden. Je nach Größe des kahlen Bereiches können ein bis vier Sprühstößen täglich – jeweils auf separate Bereiche
der kahlen Kopfhaut – aufgebracht werden, und zwar auf
die trockene Kopfhaut.
Bei Männern sind zu geringe Werte meist mit einer Unterfunktion der
Keimdrüsen, einer Einnahme von Anabolika, Leberzirrhose, Drogenmissbrauch oder schwerer Unterernährung
verbunden. Dies macht sich dann häufig in einer Unterfunktion der Eierstöcke bemerkbar.
Aber auch eine Therapie mit Antiandrogenen, die Einnahme von Östrogenen (also die weiblichen Hormone) sowie
die Einnahme von Anabolika, Leberzirrhose und eine Unterernährung, können den Wert sinken lassen. In der Regel wird dieser von ärztlichem Fachpersonal
per Blutabnahme vorgenommen.
Ihr Arzt wird regelmäßig am Ende eines jeden Injektionsintervalls Ihre Testosteronwerte
bestimmen um sicher zu gehen, dass sie entsprechen. Bei zu
niedrigem Wert wird Ihr Arzt möglicherweise entscheiden Ihnen die Injektionen öfter zu verabreichen. Bei zu
hohen Werten wird Ihr Arzt möglicherweise entscheiden Ihnen die Injektionen weniger oft zu verabreichen. Sonst können die optimalen Testosteronwerte nicht aufrecht erhalten werden.
Das Kondom ist und bleibt deshalb die bislang einzig erfolgreiche Verhütungsmethode für Männer.
Wird das Hormon einmal nicht mehr eingenommen, verschwindet die
Pracht schnell. Du solltest additionally reiflich überlegen, ob
dir das Muskelwachstum alle diese Risiken wert ist.
Da die Haut dort dünn ist, kann der Körper das Testosteron leicht
aufnehmen. Bei täglicher Anwendung wird damit der Testosteronspiegel auf einem gleichbleibenden Degree gehalten – einfacher und konstanter als mit Spritzen.
Es verbessert die psychischen Energiespiegel, wie auch Sprache und Sehvermögen.
Degenerative Effekte des Alterns werden gestoppt und
die allgemeine Alterung des Gedächtnisses wird gemindert.
Streß verursacht erhöhte Cortisolspiegel, eine Hemmung des Immunsystems, einen Kalziumverlust,
der zu Osteoporose führen kann. Aus diesem Grunde ist Pregnenolon ein wichtiger Meßwert
im Alterungsprozeß. Lebensjahrzehntes nimmt die Konzentration von Pregnenolon ständig ab, die dann langsam mit zunehmendem Alter weiter und weiter
absinkt. Im Alter von seventy five Jahren produziert der
Körper bis zu 60 % weniger Pregnenolon als zu Beginn des 30.
Tribulus Terrestris kann für Sportler und Fitnessbegeisterte interessant
sein, die ihre sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit verbessern, die Muskelmasse und -kraft steigern oder ihre sexuelle Leistungsfähigkeit unterstützen möchten.
Bei einem Thrombus handelt es sich um ein verfestigtes Blutgerinnsel, das
sich in Venen und Arterien festsetzt. Entstehen diese Blutgerinnsel in den Beinen oder Armen, können sie sich spontan lösen und
in den Kreislauf gelangen. In schweren Fällen kommt es durch Thrombosen zu
lebensbedrohlichen Embolien oder Schlaganfällen. Faktoren wie Ernährung,
Zigaretten- und Drogenkonsum, Alter und Geschlecht wirken sich auf das Thromboserisiko aus.
Hormone können die Blutgerinnung und die Bildung von Krampfadern und Besenreißern beeinflussen. Frauen in den Wechseljahren sollten ihr individuelles Thromboserisiko
mit ihrem Arzt absprechen.
Diverse Studien belegen, dass eine Tagesdosis von 50 Milligramm Pregnenolon chronische Müdigkeit, Erschöpfung und
andere Stresssymptome wirkungsvoll verbessern oder ganz lindern kann.
Empfehlenswert gegen Stress und seine Folgen ist eine dauerhafte Einnahme in niedriger Dosierung.
Auch bei Schlaflosigkeit, Depressionen oder Angstzuständen kann
dieses Hormon eine optimistic Wirkung entfalten. Hohe
Konzentrationen des Hormons finden sich vor allem im Gehirn und in den Nervenzellen.
Allerdings nimmt der Pregnenolon-Spiegel im Lauf des Lebens stetig ab.
Die Risiken beim Testosteron kaufen und einer zu
hohen Testosteronkonzentration sind bekannt. Aber auch bei Testosteronmangel können zusätzliche Hormongaben Nebenwirkungen haben. Ja, wenn ein Testosteronmangel
festgestellt wird, kann der Arzt entsprechende Präparate verschreiben, damit man Testosteron kaufen kann.
Lebensjahr nimmt die Testosteronkonzentration im Blut des
Mannes ab und ab dem 50. Lebensjahr leiden bereits 20 bis 30 Prozent der Männer an einem
Testosteronmangel. In diesen Fällen kann der Arzt Testosteron verschreiben, und diese Männer
können Testosteron kaufen.
Testosteron Depot 250 mg in 5 mal 1 ml Spritzampullen beispielsweise liegt preislich je
nach Hersteller bei etwa 40 Euro. Bei einer vorsichtigen Dosierung von einer
Ampulle (250 mg) pro Woche reicht es für einen Monat.
Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie bietet eine Fülle an Ressourcen und Informationen zu hormonellen Therapien, einschließlich Testosteron-Spritzen. Im Allgemeinen können erste positive
Effekte wie gesteigerte Energie und verbesserte Stimmung schon innerhalb der
ersten Wochen nach der Injektion wahrgenommen werden. Es ist jedoch wichtig zu beachten, dass individuelle Reaktionen variieren können. Du
hast gelernt, dass neben den sofortigen positiven Effekten auch Nebenwirkungen auftreten können.
Die Prostata oder Vorsteherdrüse liegt ringförmig um die Harnröhre.
Sie ist bei vielen Männern höheren Alters vergrößert und ruft dann zum Beispiel Probleme beim Wasserlassen hervor.
Der Wirkstoff Tamsulosin lindert solche Beschwerden und verzögert
das Fortschreiten der Krankheit.
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Bref, en choisissant de manger quotidiennement et de façon variée des fruits
et légumes, vous augmentez considérablement vos chances d’avoir un bon niveau de testostérone.
À partir de 50 ans, de nombreux hommes constatent une baisse de leur testostérone.
Cette hormone joue un rôle essentiel dans la vitalité, la masse musculaire, la libido boxe et testosterone [Teodoro] l’humeur.
Booster sa testostérone après 50 ans est attainable grâce à des actions simples et
naturelles.
Un stress chronique favorise la sécrétion de cortisol,
hormone antagoniste de la testostérone. Méditation, respiration ou simples pauses dans la journée peuvent suffire à retrouver un état plus serein. Enfin, l’exposition régulière au
soleil aide l’organisme à produire de la vitamine D,
qui soutient directement la production de testostérone.
En complément, il est utile de limiter les perturbateurs endocriniens présents dans les
plastiques, cosmétiques ou produits ménagers.
Or, ce dernier stoppe la manufacturing de testostérone et favorise l’accumulation de graisse.
La meilleure astuce dans ce cas, ce sont les entraînements à intervalles
du kind HIIT où l’intensité est poussée presque au most.
Cela peut être tout à fait valable pour
la course à pied ou d’autres sports activities. Les cigarettes
contiennent plusieurs centaines, voire des milliers d’agents chimiques
dont la nicotine, qui produisent des effets délétères pour la santé
générale. Cela affecte forcément la synthèse hormonale,
et, par conséquent, la manufacturing de testostérone.
Par ailleurs, l’excès de graisse, en particulier autour de la taille, est souvent associé à des niveaux plus bas
de testostérone. De fait, la graisse corporelle, en particulier la graisse abdominale,
peut favoriser la conversion de la testostérone en œstrogène, une
hormone féminine. D’où l’importance de lutter contre la
sédentarité et de maintenir une activité physique régulière pour lutter contre
l’accumulation extreme de graisse. Comme indiqué ci-dessus, il est potential d’augmenter naturellement
son taux de testostérone en adaptant son hygiène de vie, ou d’avoir
recours à des solutions médicamenteuses.
En fait, des recherches suggèrent que l’après-midi peut être le second le plus efficace pour l’entraînement.
Et ce dans le but de maximiser la réponse en testostérone,
en raison des niveaux fluctuants de testostérone et de
cortisol tout au lengthy de la journée. Vous pouvez établir une routine régulière
en vous couchant et en vous levant aux mêmes heures.
Mais, évitez également les écrans avant de dormir, automobile la lumière bleue perturbe la mélatonine et,
par conséquent, votre équilibre hormonal.
Prenez du temps pour vous, même 20 minutes par jour,
c’est un investissement pour votre santé hormonale.
Cela signifie que la plupart d’entre nous sont déjà en manque de
testostérone. Si tu ne fais rien, tu cours les risques évoqués
plus haut à plus ou moins lengthy terme. Ce site partage des avis
personnels à titre informatif et ne remplace en aucun cas des conseils médicaux ou des recommandations professionnelles.
Attention toutefois à bien choisir des compléments de qualité et
à respecter les dosages recommandés. Le foie, la viande rouge, les
moules, les huitres, le blé, le sésame, les champignons, les épinards,
le brocoli, les cacahuètes… sont par exemple très riches en zinc.
Les noix sont riches en graisses mono-insaturés qui ont un effet direct sur la sécrétion de
la testostérone. On ne parle pas souvent de ce minéral et pourtant il entre en ligne de compte dans plus
de 300 réactions chimiques dans notre organisme.
Le stress est l’un des principaux facteurs de la baisse de testostérone, automotive il provoque la production de cortisol.
En réduisant les niveaux de cortisol, l’ashwagandha permet à votre corps de
mieux produire de la testostérone. Ce complément est particulièrement recommandé pour les personnes qui sont souvent soumises à des situations stressantes.
Le pyrèthre d’Afrique, aussi appelé Tribulus Terrestris,
est une plante utilisée depuis des siècles pour améliorer la santé sexuelle et la vitalité.
Il est particulièrement populaire pour son rôle dans l’augmentation de
la testostérone. En effet, cette plante a montré des
résultats positifs en termes d’amélioration de la libido et de stimulation de la production de testostérone.
De plus, elle favorise la santé du cœur et des muscular tissues, ce qui en fait un choix polyvalent.
En effet, le cortisol, l’hormone du stress, peut inhiber la
manufacturing de testostérone. Il est donc essentiel de trouver des moyens efficaces pour gérer son stress au quotidien, tels que la méditation, le
yoga, la respiration profonde ou la pratique d’activités relaxantes.
La thérapie de remplacement de la testostérone (TRT)
est le traitement le plus courant pour augmenter les niveaux de
testostérone. Il s’agit généralement de testostérone enanthate, de testostérone
cypionate ou d’autres formes de testostérone synthétique.
Un sommeil de qualité et le maintien d’un poids santé jouent un rôle prépondérant
dans la régulation de la testostérone et le maintien de
niveaux optimaux. Des activités telles que la musculation et l’entraînement par intervalles de haute intensité (HIIT) sont reconnues pour stimuler la production hormonale,
y compris celle de la testostérone. C’est son composé principal qui permet de booster la manufacturing
de testostérone.
Le fait d’augmenter sa testostérone est souvent un idea abstrait pour
les hommes qui souhaitent le faire. Pourtant,
il existe des astuces qui fonctionnent et qui permettent de booster la quantité de cette hormone masculine
dans l’organisme sans avoir recours à des produits chimiques.
Bien que l’exercice soit bénéfique, il est essential de noter que le
surmenage peut avoir l’effet inverse. En effet, il peut faire augmenter les niveaux de
cortisol (hormone du stress) et diminuer la testostérone.
Un équilibre entre entraînement intense et repos adéquat est donc essential.
Une testostérone équilibrée peut améliorer la santé
sexuelle en augmentant la libido et en favorisant
la satisfaction sexuelle. Elle peut également augmenter l’énergie et la vitalité, favoriser la croissance musculaire
et la force, prévenir l’ostéoporose, améliorer l’humeur et le bien-être général des femmes.
Il est essential de comprendre que les femmes ont naturellement
des niveaux de testostérone plus bas que les hommes, ce
qui contribue à leurs caractéristiques féminines distinctives.
La testostérone chez les femmes joue un rôle dans divers processus biologiques et est essentielle au
bon fonctionnement de l’organisme. La testostérone joue un rôle crucial dans le corps des femmes, bien qu’elle soit souvent associée à la masculinité.
Elle contribue de manière significative à la régulation du métabolisme,
favorisant ainsi la combustion des graisses et maintenant un poids corporel sain. De plus, la testostérone est essentielle pour la croissance et le maintien de la masse musculaire, ce qui peut aider à prévenir la perte musculaire
liée à l’âge.
Une fois qu’une femme et son médecin ont identifié la cause exacte, il existe plusieurs options
de traitement. Il n’est pas uncommon que l’organisme
produise des niveaux de testostérone supérieurs à la normale pendant la grossesse.
Certaines substances chimiques présentes dans l’environnement perturbent le système endocrinien. Réduire l’exposition aux pesticides,
plastiques et autres polluants peut aider à préserver l’équilibre hormonal.
Les protéines sont particulièrement importantes, automotive elles fournissent les acides aminés nécessaires à la manufacturing de testostérone.
Les sources de protéines recommandées comprennent les viandes maigres, les poissons, les œufs, les produits laitiers,
les légumineuses et les noix. La taille moyenne du pénis est un sujet qui intéresse
de nombreux hommes, souvent mécontents de la longueur de leur
propre verge.
“Les options chirurgicales sont généralement le dernier recours et ne sont utilisées que dans des cas graves”, prévient le Dr Laura Wilson, un chirurgien spécialisé dans les troubles endocriniens.
“Comprendre les facteurs métaboliques en jeu peut aider à concevoir des stratégies efficaces de gestion du poids pour les femmes à forte testostérone”, suggère le
Dr Martin Lewis, skilled en santé métabolique.
“Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de l’équilibre hormonal dans les résultats de la fertilité”,
explique le Dr Helen Brown, endocrinologue reproducteur.
Il est également possible d’avoir recours à des suppléments de déhydroépiandrostérone (DHEA).
En effet, la manufacturing de testostérone peut être stimulée par de nouvelles habitudes alimentaires, la prise de vitamines essentielles à la production de testostérone.
Cependant, ces contraceptifs peuvent ne pas convenir aux femmes désireuses de concevoir et peuvent entraîner des effets secondaires indésirables.
Dre Frechette travaille à New York, NY et se spécialise dans la médecine générale et la santé des
femmes. Quand le dosage de testostérone montre une insuffisance en testostérone
chez l’homme (on parle d’hypogonadisme), une supplémentation peut être envisagée afin d’augmenter
le taux mais surtout pour corriger les symptômes
ayant motivé le dosage de cette hormone.
En conclusion, on peut dire que la testostérone est certes trouvée en quantité moindre chez les
femmes, mais elle n’en est pas moins primordiale à leur santé.
Alors que l’hormone féminine par excellence est réputée
être l’œstrogène, les femmes produisent également de la testostérone, comme les hommes produisent eux aussi
de l’œstrogène. Chaque humain a ainsi besoin de ces deux hormones, qui seront
trouvées à des niveaux variant entre les deux sexes, mais surtout entre individus.
Alors que la testostérone est souvent associée exclusivement
aux hommes, les femmes elles aussi ont besoin de cette hormone.
Vous pouvez également utiliser vitex agnus castus si vous
devez augmenter les niveaux de progestérone .
Les femmes enceintes ou qui pourraient l’être ne devraient pas prendre d’androgènes.
Les femmes qui allaitent ne devraient pas non plus prendre de testostérone, car elle pourrait se transmettre à
l’enfant. La FDA a en outre recommandé de supprimer les avertissements de la
“boîte noire” concernant les risques cardiovasculaires
accrus comme l’accident vasculaire cérébral et l’infarctus du myocarde (crise cardiaque)
chez les utilisateurs de testostérone. L’étude TRAVERSE a montré que le
risque d’accident vasculaire cérébral et d’infarctus du
myocarde après deux ans d’utilisation de testostérone était équivalent
aux taux observés chez les hommes ayant pris un placebo pendant la même période.
“Il est essential d’être conscient des effets secondaires possibles et d’en discuter en détail avec votre fournisseur de soins de santé”,
conseille le Dr Emily Harris, pharmacologue.
L’exercice aide également à réduire le stress, qui peut altérer l’équilibre hormonal.
Les niveaux de testostérone chez les femmes sont beaucoup plus faibles que chez les hommes,
et une augmentation modérée de cette hormone ne rend pas
les femmes « masculines ». Il est donc essentiel de consulter un professionnel de la santé compétent pour obtenir des conseils personnalisés et
adaptés à chaque scenario. L’objectif est de maintenir un équilibre hormonal optimal pour soutenir
la santé et le bien-être des femmes. La testostérone est
sécrétée par les glandes sexuelles, mais elle est également produite
en petites quantités par les glandes surrénales.
Cette hormone est étroitement liée à la fertilité,
à la libido, à la croissance musculaire, à la densité osseuse, à l’humeur et
à de nombreux autres elements de la santé physique et mentale.
En plus de montrer des signes de testostérone élevée, le dysfonctionnement des glandes surrénales peut augmenter votre taux de cortisol et provoquer
une pression artérielle élevée, des problèmes digestifs ou des troubles du sommeil.
Il est essential de suivre les recommandations du professionnel de la santé
et de surveiller régulièrement les niveaux de testostérone pour maintenir un équilibre hormonal optimal.
Divers autres troubles hormonaux comme la dysfonction thyroïdienne et
les troubles des glandes surrénales peuvent contribuer à des niveaux élevés de testostérone.
Ces conditions perturbent l’équilibre hormonal du corps, conduisant à des androgènes élevés.
L’activité physique joue un rôle déterminant dans la régulation des niveaux de testostérone.
Les exercices de résistance stimulent particulièrement la manufacturing de
cette hormone, favorisant le développement musculaire et la
drive physique. Une pratique régulière et modérée
apporte les meilleurs résultats, tandis qu’un entraînement trop intensif peut perturber l’équilibre hormonal.
Certaines femmes ont réussi à faire baisser leur
taux de testostérone en utilisant des médicaments Avis sur le booster de testostérone
Extreme Shred (Shanon) ordonnance tels que des stéroïdes et des préparations contraceptives, en perdant du poids, en faisant
plus d’exercice et en modifiant leur régime alimentaire.
However, early evidence suggests that tianeptine-related substance use disorder can be treated with medications for opioid use disorder, such
as buprenorphine. Psilocybin is the energetic ingredient of sure kinds of mushrooms.
It belongs to a gaggle of drugs called psychedelics or hallucinogens.
They have the potential to vary a person’s sense of reality,
main them to see, hear, and really feel things that are not happening in real life, or to experience actuality in a special way.
Prescription drugs are misused when they’re taken in a method
or dose that’s completely different than prescribed or taken with no prescription. In teens, nicotine use may cause modifications
to the event of the elements of the mind that management attention and learning.
Psychedelic drugs are typically considered to have low dependancy potential, though it’s potential for individuals to develop
a hallucinogen-related substance use dysfunction.
People who use non-benzodiazepines sleep medicines
could develop a substance use dysfunction. This type of use disorder is recognized as a sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic
use disorder. Non-benzodiazepine sleep medications are prescribed to deal with insomnia.
They are thought to have fewer unwanted effects and less danger of dependence than benzodiazepines.
Additionally, unlawful counterfeit drugs, which are sometimes made to resemble prescription drugs,
can contain lethal doses of fentanyl.
If you’re involved or uncertain about
your danger of side effects with NSAIDs, talk
to your healthcare supplier or pharmacist.
This article discusses prescription anti-inflammatory drugs,
what can steroids cause (sciencebookmark.space)
they’re, and why your healthcare provider would possibly prescribe them.
Tramadol is misused when it is taken in a means or dose that’s totally different than prescribed, taken and not utilizing a prescription, or taken with other drugs to
boost intoxicating effects. Prescription medication are
prescribed (ordered) by a health care provider, purchased at a pharmacy,
prescribed for and meant to be used by one particular
person, and controlled by the FDA. Oxycodone is misused when it
is taken in a method or dose that’s totally different than prescribed, taken with no prescription,
or taken with other drugs to spice up intoxicating results.
Morphine is misused when it’s taken in a means or dose that’s completely different than prescribed,
taken without a prescription, or taken with different medication to boost the intoxicating effects.
Meperidine is misused when it’s taken in a means or dose that’s totally different than prescribed,
taken with no prescription, or taken with different medication to boost intoxicating results.
Lyrica is used to manage seizures, treat nerve pain and fibromyalgia.
Xolair injection (omalizumab) is used to scale back the risk of severe food allergy reactions …
Rinvoq (upadacitinib) is used to deal with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic …
Tecvayli (teclistamab) is a remedy for relapsed or
refractory multiple myeloma( cancer of the … Call your doctor for instructions should you miss a dose of dexamethasone.
You shouldn’t use dexamethasone in case you have a fungal an infection anyplace in your physique.
Some people will expertise relief inside a few hours after taking the first dose.
A brand-name oral solution concentrate known as Prednisone Intensol is
also out there. Generic medication usually value lower
than the brand-name version. Generally, they will not
be available in all the same strengths or types as the brand-name drug.
For longer-term prescriptions, medical doctors may taper down dosages steadily
to get them as low as potential with out the return of symptoms.
Talk with your healthcare provider about your private threat.
Long-term steroid use (longer than a month) can result in loss of bone density, which additionally raises your threat for bone fractures.
Bronchodilator combos are usually inhalers or inhalation units,
which comprise multiple bronchodilator, or a bronchodilator
and a steroid. Bronchodilator combos with multiple bronchodilator normally
encompass a short acting and a protracted acting bronchodilator.
The bronchodilators may work by totally different mechanisms to dilate the air
passages, and makes air flow simpler.Bronchodilator combos
with a steroid and bronchodilator act more like a
preventative. Steroids block the physique’s inflammatory response and effectively enhance lung function and cut back bronchial asthma signs.
The bronchodilator in this mixture is usually an extended acting one and it additionally acts as a preventer.
This part accommodates a list of medicines that can interact with prednisone.
This part doesn’t include all medication that may
work together with prednisone.
Corticosteroids resemble cortisol, a hormone naturally produced by our body’s adrenal glands.
Cortisol is a major player in a broad range of biological
processes, together with metabolism, immune response,
and stress. Docs usually prescribe them to deal with situations like asthma,
hives, or lupus. Side results can depend upon the type of corticosteroid, similar
to inhaled or topical.
Loperamide may cause feelings of leisure or happiness, just like
different opioids. Some individuals use it to reduce opioid cravings and withdrawal signs.
Loperamide is an over-the-counter anti-diarrheal treatment.
A few research have suggested that ibogaine can reduce substance use withdrawal symptoms and cravings, however deaths have been reported in these studies and more analysis is required.
Folks who use flunitrazepam could develop a substance use dysfunction. For instance, fentanyl
could be added to counterfeit prescription drugs or other unlawful
drugs. There is limited analysis on the health results and dependancy
potential of delta-8-THC and different intoxicating cannabinoids.
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