Cambridge 13 Reading Test 02
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Bringing cinnamon to Europe
Cinnamon is a sweet, fragrant spice produced from the inner bark of trees of the genus Cinnamomum, which is native to the Indian sub-continent. It was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible, both as an ingredient that was mixed with oils for anointing people’s bodies, and also as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends. In ancient Rome, mourners attending funerals burnt cinnamon to create a pleasant scent. Most often, however, the spice found its primary use as an additive to food and drink. In the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford the spice used it to flavor food, particularly meat, and to impress those around them with their ability to purchase an expensive condiment from the ‘exotic’ East. At a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with various spices piled upon it as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal. Cinnamon was also reported to have health benefits, and was thought to cure various ailments, such as indigestion.
Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the European middle classes began to desire the lifestyle of the elite, including their consumption of spices. This led to a growth in demand for cinnamon and other spices. At that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants, who closely guarded the secret of the source of the spice from potential rivals. They took it from India, where it was grown, on camels via an overland route to the Mediterranean. Their journey ended when they reached Alexandria. European traders sailed there to purchase their supply of cinnamon, then brought it back to Venice. The spice then travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe. Because the overland trade route allowed for only small quantities of the spice to reach Europe, and because Venice had a virtual monopoly of the trade, the Venetians could set the price of cinnamon exorbitantly high. These prices, coupled with the increasing demand, spurred the search for new routes to Asia by Europeans eager to take part in the spice trade.
Seeking the high profits promised by the cinnamon market, Portuguese traders arrived on the island of Ceylon in the Indian Ocean toward the end of the 15th century. Before Europeans arrived on the island, the state had organized the cultivation of cinnamon. People belonging to the ethnic group called the Salagama would peel the bark off young shoots of the cinnamon plant in the rainy season, when the wet bark was more pliable. During the peeling process, they curled the bark into the ‘stick’ shape still associated with the spice today. The Salagama then gave the finished product to the king as a form of tribute. When the Portuguese arrived, they needed to increase production significantly, and so enslaved many other members of the Ceylonese native population, forcing them to work in cinnamon harvesting. In 1518, the Portuguese built a fort on Ceylon, which enabled them to protect the island, so helping them to develop a monopoly in the cinnamon trade and generate very high profits. In the late 16th century, for example, they enjoyed a tenfold profit when shipping cinnamon over a journey of eight days from Ceylon to India.
When the Dutch arrived off the coast of southern Asia at the very beginning of the 17th century, the set their sights on displacing the Portuguese as kings of cinnamon. The Dutch allied themselves with Kandy, an inland kingdom on Ceylon. In return for payments of elephants and cinnamon, they protected the native king from the Portuguese. By 1649, the Dutch broke the 150-year Portuguese monopoly when they overran and occupied their factories. By 1658, they had permanently expelled the Portuguese from the island, thereby gaining control of the lucrative cinnamon trade.
In order to protect their hold on the market, the Dutch, like the Portuguese before them, treated the native inhabitants harshly. Because of the need to boost production and satisfy Europe’s ever-increasing appetite for cinnamon, the Dutch began to alter the harvesting practices of the Ceylonese. Over time, the supply of cinnamon trees on the island became nearly exhausted, due to systematic stripping of the bark. Eventually, the Dutch began cultivating their own cinnamon trees to supplement the diminishing number of wild trees available for use.
Then, in 1996, the English arrived on Ceylon, thereby displacing the Dutch from their control of the cinnamon monopoly. By the middle of the 19th century, production of cinnamon reached 1,000 tons a year, after a lower grade quality of the spice became acceptable to European tastes. By that time, cinnamon was being grown in other parts of the Indian Ocean region and in the West Indies, Brazil, and Guyana. Not only was a monopoly of cinnamon becoming impossible, but the spice trade overall was diminishing in economic potential, and was eventually superseded by the rise of trade in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sugar.
Questions 1-9
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.
The Early History of Cinnamon
Biblical times: | added to 1……………………….. used to show 2…………………………. Between people |
Ancient Rome: | used for its sweet smell at 3……………………….. |
Middle Ages: | added to food, especially meat was an indication of a person’s 4……………………….. known as a treatment for 5……………………….. and other health problems grown in 6………………………. merchants used 7……………………… to bring it to the Mediterranean arrived in the Mediterranean at 8…………………………… traders took it to 9……………………………. and sold it to destinations around Europe. |
Questions 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10 The Portuguese had control over the cinnamon trade in Ceylon throughout the 16th century.
11 The Dutch took over the cinnamon trade from the Portuguese as soon as they arrived in Ceylon.
12 The trees planted by the Dutch produced larger quantities of cinnamon than the wild trees.
13 The spice trade maintained its economic importance during the 19th century.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Oxytocin
The positive and negative effects of the chemical known as the ‘love hormone’
A
Oxytocin is a chemical, a hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the brain. It was through various studies focusing on animals that scientists first became aware of the influence of oxytocin. They discovered that it helps reinforce the bonds between prairie voles, which mate for life, and triggers the motherly behaviour that sheep show towards their newborn lambs. It is also released by women in childbirth, strengthening the attachment between mother and baby. Few chemicals have as positive a reputation as oxytocin, which is sometimes referred to as the ‘love hormone’. One sniff of it can, it is claimed, make a person more trusting, empathetic, generous and cooperative. It is time, however, to revise this wholly optimistic view. A new wave of studies has shown that its effects vary greatly depending on the person and the circumstances, and it can impact on our social interactions for worse as well as for better.
B
Oxytocin’s role in human behaviour first emerged in 2005. In a groundbreaking experiments, Markus Heinrichs and his colleagues at the University of Freiburg, Germany, asked volunteers to do an activity in which they could invest money with an anonymous person who was not guaranteed to be honest. The team found the participants who had sniffed oxytocin via a nasal spray beforehand invested more money than those who received a placebo instead. The study was the start of research into the effects of oxytocin on human interactions. ‘For eight years, it was quite a lonesome field,’ Heinrichs recalls. ‘Now, everyone is interested.’ These follow-up studies have shown that after a sniff of the hormone, people become more charitable, better at reading emotions on others’ faces and at communicating constructively in arguments. Together, the results fuelled the view that oxytocin universally enhanced the positive aspects of our social nature.
C
Then, after a few years, contrasting findings began to emerge. Simone Shamay-Tsoory at the at the University of Haifa, Israel, found that when volunteers played a competitive game, those who inhaled the hormone showed more pleasure when they beat other players, and felt more envy when others won. What’s more, administering oxytocin also has sharply contrasting outcomes depending on a person’s disposition. Jennifer Bartz from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, found that it improves people’s ability to read emotions, but only if they are not very socially adept to begin with. Her research also shows that oxytocin in fact reduces cooperation in subjects who are particularly anxious or sensitive to rejection.
D
Another discovery is that oxytocin’s effects vary depending on who we are interacting with. Studies conducted by Carolyn DeClerck of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, revealed that people who had received a dose of oxytocin actually became less cooperative when dealing with complete strangers. Meanwhile, Carsten De Dreu at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands discovered that volunteers given oxytocin showed favouritism: Dutch men became quicker to associate positive words with Dutch names than with foreign ones, for example. According to De Dreu, oxytocin drives people to care for those in their social circles and defend them from outside dangers. So, it appears that oxytocin strengthens biases, rather than promoting general goodwill, as was previously thought.
E
There were signs of these subtleties from the start. Bartz has recently shown that in almost half of the existing research results, oxytocin influenced only certain individuals or in certain circumstances. Where once researchers took no notice of such findings, now a more nuanced understanding of oxytocin’s effects is propelling investigations down new lines. To Bartz, the key to understanding what the hormone does lies in pinpointing its core function rather than in cataloguing its seemingly endless effects. There are several hypotheses which are not mutually exclusive. Oxytocin could help to reduce anxiety and fear. Or it could simply motivate people to seek out social connections. She believes that oxytocin acts as a chemical spotlight that shines on social clues – a shift in posture, a flicker of the eyes, a dip in the voice – making people more attuned to their social environment. This would explain why it makes us more likely to look others in the eye and improves our ability to identify emotions. But it could also make things worse for people who are overly sensitive or prone to interpreting social cues in the worst light.
F
Perhaps we should not be surprised that the oxytocin story has become more perplexing. The hormone is found in everything from octopuses to sheep, and its evolutionary roots stretch back half a billion years. ‘It’s a very simple and ancient molecule that has been co-opted for many different functions,’ says Sue Carter at the University of Illinois, Chicago, USA. ‘It affects primitive parts of the brain like the amygdala, so it’s going to have many effects on just about everything.’ Bartz agrees. ‘Oxytocin probably does some very basic things, but once you add our higher-order thinking and social situations, these basic processes could manifest in different ways depending on individual differences and context.’
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six section, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 reference to research showing the beneficial effects of oxytocin on people
15 reasons why the effects of oxytocin are complex
16 mention of a period in which oxytocin attracted little scientific attention
17 reference to people ignoring certain aspects of their research data
Questions 18-20
Look at the following research findings (Questions 18-20) and the list of researchers below.
Match each research finding with the correct researcher, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.
18 People are more trusting when affected by oxytocin.
19 Oxytocin increases people’s feelings of jealousy.
20 The effect of oxytocin varies from one type of person to another.
List of Researchers
A Markus Heinrichs
B Simone Shamay-Tsoory
C Jennifer Bartz
D Carolyn DeClerck
E Carsten De Dreu
F Sue Carter
Questions 21-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.
Oxytocin research
The earliest findings about oxytocin and bonding came from research involving 21……………………….. It was also discovered that humans produce oxytocin during 22………………………… An experiment in 2005, in which participants were given either oxytocin or a 23…………………………, reinforced the belief that the hormone had a positive effect.
However, later research suggests that this is not always the case. A study at the University of Haifa where participants took part in a 24……………………….. revealed the negative emotions which oxytocin can trigger. A study at the University of Antwerp showed people’s lack of willingness to help 25………………………. while under the influence of oxytocin. Meanwhile, research at the University of Amsterdam revealed that people who have been given oxytocin consider 26……………………….. that are familiar to them in their own country to have more positive associations than those from other cultures.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
MAKING THE MOST OF TRENDS
Experts from Harvard Business School give advice to managers
Most managers can identify the major trends of the day. But it the course of conducting research in a number of industries and working directly with companies, we have discovered that managers often fail to recognize the less obvious but profound ways these trends are influencing consumers’ aspirations, attitudes, and behaviors. This is especially true of trends that managers view as peripheral to their core markets.
Many ignore trends in their innovation strategies or adopt a wait-and-see approach and let competitors take the lead. At a minimum, such responses mean missed profit opportunities. At the extreme, they can jeopardize a company by ceding to rivals the opportunity to transform the industry. The purpose of this article is twofold: to spur managers to think more expansively about how trends could engender new value propositions in their core markets, and to provide some high-level advice on how to make market research and product development personnel more adept at analyzing and exploiting trends.
One strategy, known as ‘infuse and augment’, is to design a product or service that retains most of the attributes and functions of existing products in the category but adds others that address the needs and desires unleashed by a major trend. A case in point in the Poppy range of handbags, which the firm Coach created in response to the economic downturn of 2008. The Coach brand had been a symbol of opulence and luxury for nearly 70 years, and the most obvious reaction to the downturn would have been to lower prices. However, that would have risked cheapening the brand’s image. Instead, they initiated a consumer-research project which revealed that customers were eager to lift themselves and the country out of tough times. Using these insights, Coach launched the lower-priced Poppy handbags, which were in vibrant colors, and looked more youthful and playful than conventional Coach products. Creating the sub-brand allowed Coach to avert an across-the-board price cut. In contrast to the many companies that responded to the recession by cutting prices, Coach saw the new consumer mindset as an opportunity for innovation and renewal.
A further example of this strategy was supermarket Tesco’s response to consumers’ growing concerns about the environment. With that in mind, Tesco, one of the world’s top five retailers, introduced its Greener Living program, which demonstrates the company’s commitment to protecting the environment by involving consumers in ways that produce tangible results. For example, Tesco customers can accumulate points for such activities as reusing bags, recycling cans and printer cartridges, and buying home-insulation materials. Like points earned on regular purchases, these green points can be redeemed for cash. Tesco has not abandoned its traditional retail offering but augmented its business with these innovations, thereby infusing its value proposition with a green streak.
A more radical strategy is ‘combine and transcend’. This entails combining aspects of the product’s existing value proposition with attributes addressing changes arising from a trend, to create a novel experience – one that may land the company in an entirely new market space. At first glance, spending resources to incorporate elements of a seemingly irrelevant trend into one’s core offerings sounds like it’s hardly worthwhile. But consider Nike’s move to integrate the digital revolution into its reputation for high-performance athletic footwear. In 2006, they teamed up with technology company Apple to launch Nike+, a digital sports kit comprising a sensor that attaches to the running shoe and a wireless receiver that connects to the user’s iPod. By combining Nike’s original value proposition for amateur athletes with one for digital consumers, the Nike+ sports kit and web interface moved the company from a focus on athletic apparel to a new plane of engagement with its customers.
A third approach, known as ‘counteract and reaffirm’, involves developing products or services that stress the values traditionally associated with the category in ways that allow consumers to oppose – or at least temporarily escape from – the aspects of trends they view as undesirable. A product that accomplished this is the ME2, a video game created by Canada’s iToys. By reaffirming the toy category’s association with physical play, the ME2 counteracted some of the widely perceived negative impacts of digital gaming devices. Like other handheld games, the device featured a host of exciting interactive games, a full-color LCD screen, and advanced 3D graphics. What set it apart was that it incorporated the traditional physical component of children’s play: it contained a pedometer, which tracked and awarded points for physical activity (walking, running, biking, skateboarding, climbing stairs). The child could use the points to enhance various virtual skills needed for the video game. The ME2, introduced in mid-2008, catered to kids’ huge desire to play video games while countering the negatives, such as associations with lack of exercise and obesity.
Once you have gained perspective on how trend-related changes in consumer opinions and behaviors impact on your category, you can determine which of our three innovation strategies to pursue. When your category’s basic value proposition continues to be meaningful for consumers influenced by the trend, the infuse-and-augment strategy will allow you to reinvigorate the category. If analysis reveals an increasing disparity between your category and consumers’ new focus, your innovations need to transcend the category to integrate the two worlds. Finally, if aspects of the category clash with undesired outcomes of a trend, such as associations with unhealthy lifestyles, there is an opportunity to counteract those changes by reaffirming the core values of your category.
Trends – technological, economic, environmental, social, or political – that affect how people perceive the world around them and shape what they expect from products and services present firms with unique opportunities for growth.
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 In the first paragraph, the writer says that most managers
A fail to spot the key consumer trends of the moment.
B make the mistake of focusing only on the principal consumer trends.
C misinterpret market research data relating to current consumer trends.
D are unaware of the significant impact that trends have on consumers’ lives.
28 According to the third paragraph, Coach was anxious to
A follow what some of its competitors were doing.
B maintain its prices throughout its range.
C safeguard its reputation as a manufacturer of luxury goods.
D modify the entire look of its brand to suit the economic climate.
29 What point is made about Tesco’s Greener Living programme?
A It did not require Tesco to modify its core business activities.
B It succeeded in attracting a more eco-conscious slientele.
C Its main aim was to raise consumers’ awareness of environmental issues.
D It was not the first time that Tesco had implemented such an initiative.
30 What does the writer suggest about Nike’s strategy?
A It was an extremely risky strategy at the time.
B It was a strategy that only a major company could afford to follow.
C It was the type of strategy that would not have been possible in the past.
D It was the kind of strategy which might appear to have few obvious benefits.
31 What was original about the ME2?
A It contained technology that had been developed for the sports industry.
B It appealed to young people who were keen to improve their physical fitness.
C It took advantage of a current trend for video games with colourful 3D graphic.
D It was a handheld game that addressed people’s concerns about unhealthy lifestyles.
Questions 32-37
Look at the following statements (Questions 32-37) and the list of companies below.
Match each statement with the correct company, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
32 It turned the notion that its products could have harmful effects to its own advantage.
33 It extended its offering by collaborating with another manufacturer.
34 It implemented an incentive scheme to demonstrate its corporate social responsibility.
35 It discovered that customers had a positive attitude towards dealing with difficult circumstances.
36 It responded to a growing lifestyle trend in an unrelated product sector.
37 It successfully avoided having to charge its customers less for its core products.
List of companies
A Coach
B Tesco
C Nike
D iToys
Questions 38-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A, B, C or D below.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38 If there are any trend-related changes impacting on your category, you should
39 If a current trend highlights a negative aspect of your category, you should
40 If the consumers’ new focus has an increasing lack of connection with your offering you should
A employ a combination of strategies to maintain your consumer base.
B identify the most appropriate innovation strategy to use.
C emphasise your brand’s traditional values with the counteract-and-affirm strategy.
D use the combine-and-transcend strategy to integrate the two worlds.
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Es ist ein großes und wichtiges Thema, doch gibt es
einige Missverständnisse progesteron und testosteron creme online kaufen Irrglauben darüber.
Heute werden wir verschiedene Zweifel ausräumen und die tatsächlichen Empfehlungen zur
richtigen Lagerung Ihrer Testosteron-Spritzen durchgehen. Sie hängt von den spezifischen Bedürfnissen und der Reaktion des Körpers
ab, ähnlich wie bei der Feinabstimmung eines Musikinstruments.
Das Gel wird einmal täglich auf saubere, trockene Haut aufgetragen. Es ist wichtig, die Anweisungen des Arztes zu befolgen und auf die Reaktionen des Körpers zu achten. Es ist wichtig, dass du auf deinen Körper hörst und eng
mit deinem Arzt zusammenarbeitest, um sicherzustellen, dass die Therapie für dich richtig ist.
Hast du dich jemals gefragt, wie genau eine Testosteron Spritze funktioniert und was sie in deinem Körper auslöst?
Es ist ein bisschen so, als würdest du einen schlafenden Riesen wecken – aber auf
eine gute Artwork und Weise. Genau wie Hitze kann auch das Gefrieren dem Testosteron großen Schaden zufügen. Einmal
eingefroren, ist es nicht mehr sicher und sollte nicht mehr verwendet
werden. Außerdem kann Hitze dazu führen, dass sich in der Ampulle Bakterien bilden und das Medikament dadurch nicht mehr
sicher für den Gebrauch ist. In diesem Fall ist
es jedoch wichtig, das Testosteron vor der Anwendung auf Zimmertemperatur kommen zu lassen und nicht
direkt aus dem Kühlschrank in den Muskel zu injizieren. Laut einem der bekanntesten Hersteller,
Pfizer, müssen die Testosteron-Cypionat-Ampullen nicht gekühlt werden.
Die Haut sollte für die optimale Absorption des Gels frei von anderen Produkten sein. Die optimale Dosierung von Testogel
pro Tag kann von Person zu Person variieren und sollte von einem Arzt individuell festgelegt werden. Testogel ist ein Gel, das
Testosteron enthält und zur Behandlung von Testosteronmangel eingesetzt wird.
Es wird auf die Haut aufgetragen und das Testosteron wird über die
Haut in den Körper aufgenommen.
Hier erfährst du, wie lange das Testogel angewendet werden sollte
und worauf du dabei achten solltest. Die Normwerte liegen bei erwachsenen Frauen zwischen zero,15–0,6 ng/ml (0,5–2,zero nmol/l) und
bei Männern zwischen 3,5–11,5 ng/ml (12–40 nmol/l) (Tab.
Als ich gegoogelt hab kam raus das einige unter testosteronmangel leiden. Ich persönlich habe einen dünneren Körperbau, leichte
Behaarung an den Beinen und sehr ausgeprägte an den Achseln und im Schamberreich.
Anders als die meisten in meinem Alter also sehne ich mich nicht danach
so früh wie möglich Intercourse zu haben oder bin auch nicht auf eine verschossen (auch nicht auf
einen). Ich struggle auch einmal in einer Beziehung und als wir
kurz davor waren intercourse zu haben erschlaffte ich.
(Aber das kann auch sein da ich sehr nervös bin und generell sehr unsicher bin was sex angeht)
dennoch würde ich gerne Intercourse haben aber eher um “normal” zu sein.
Bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ist durch die Behandlung mit dem Wirkstoff
das Auftreten einer Akne möglich. Die Anwendung bei Jungen vor der Geschlechtsreife kann zu frühzeitigem Schluss der Gelenkspalten und damit zu Wachstumsstillstand und/oder vorzeitiger Geschlechtsreife
führen. Insbesondere dürfen schwangere Frauen keinen Kontakt mit Hautbereichen haben, die mit einem Testosteron-Gel behandelt wurden. Ansonsten kann es zu vermännlichenden Wirkungen auf das
Sort kommen.
Ein Arzt bestimmt deine individuelle Dosis
basierend auf deinen Bedürfnissen und Hormonwerten.
Manchmal fühlt sich dieser Prozess an wie eine Feinabstimmung eines
Musikinstruments – es muss einfach passen. Es wird direkt auf die Haut aufgetragen und zieht schnell ein.
Es ist wichtig zu verstehen, dass jeder Körper unterschiedlich reagiert.
Deine Erfahrung könnte ganz anders sein als meine oder die deines
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eine Ressource, die ich jedem ans Herz legen würde.
Testosterongele halten 24 Stunden, Pflaster halten 24
Stunden, Tabletten halten 12 Stunden lang und die Injektionen dauern 22
Tage, erklärt Healthline. Bei DoktorABC finden Sie eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Behandlungen bei Testosteronmangel.
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Wichtig ist, dass Sie sich nach der Anwendung die Hände gründlich mit Wasser und Seife waschen. Auch sollte direkter Hautkontakt mit
anderen Menschen an den genannten Auftragestellen (Schultern, Oberarme, Bauch) kurz nach
der Anwendung vermieden werden. Testosteronundecanoat a thousand
mg Injektionslösung darf nicht in mehrere Portionen aufgeteilt werden. Auch darf es keinesfalls in den Oberarm oder den Oberschenkel injiziert werden.
Weiterhin ist Testosteron am Aufbau und Erhalt der Knochendichte beteiligt.
Mehr als 5000 Euro würde eine “Kur”, wie es im Fachjargon heißt, kosten. “Ich schlucke und spritze Testosteron. In der Vorbereitung nehme ich Enathat, vor einem Wettkampf Propionat”, sagt er stolz.
Tobias ist der Gründer von Brainperform.de und ein langjähriger
Biohacker, Ketorianer und Selbstoptimierer. Er hat schon immer darauf geachtet, seine Ernährung und seinen Schlaf zu verbessern. Seine Artikel sind durch wissenschaftliche Studien untermauert.
Er ist bekannt für seine Bücher “Keto Start” und “Keto Küche”.
Various ranges of testosterone– like many other hormones– can impact a person’s metabolism,
as properly as other processes and techniques within the body.
In order to discover this fable, we want to contemplate
some of the effects of testosterone administration, including metabolic modifications,
the idea of insulin resistance, and bodyfat redistribution/abdominal fats.
It just isn’t uncommon for trans men who’re pre-hysterectomy
to expertise a buildup of endometrial tissue, especially in the
course of the first few years of testosterone therapy.
The doctor might advise a brief course of progesterone to cause the uterus to
shed the excess endometrial tissue– that is very like inducing a period.
While this might be disagreeable, it ought to be understood as a preventative measure, for the reason that
uncommon buildup of endometrial tissue has been linked to endometrial most
cancers.
Blaming testosterone for every attainable adverse
motion or feeling is an easy scapegoat for what might just be
dangerous behavior or poor individual coping methods.
Testosterone therapy may cause fat to be redistributed from the hips and thighs to the abdomen and higher physique.
This can result in a extra masculine body shape, however it might
also lead to an elevated danger of cardiovascular disease
and insulin resistance. To sum up, while you can stop testosterone therapy after starting, it should be a well-informed and guided course
of. AlphaMD is dedicated to supporting your well being, whether
you are considering starting, pausing, or ceasing TRT.
Hormonal modifications can have a profound impact on mood and psychological
health, and people may require help and steering
to navigate these changes safely. In addition to
the potential health dangers, there’s additionally the risk of inadequate
dosing or misuse of testosterone. Each individual’s physique
is exclusive, and it is important to find the best dosage and methodology of administration.
With Out medical supervision, people may not have entry to the required experience to ensure they’re utilizing testosterone appropriately.
However, there are also medical circumstances that may cause low testosterone corresponding
to hypogonadism, which is a situation where
the testicles don’t produce sufficient testosterone. Low testosterone ranges also can have an effect on temper and general
well-being. Testosterone is thought to influence mood regulation, and people
with low testosterone might expertise symptoms corresponding to fatigue, irritability, despair, and a
decreased sense of well-being. These emotional side
effects can additional contribute to a decrease in overall quality of life through the post-cycle interval.
One of the primary factors that can influence the size of time it takes for testosterone ranges to
normalize is the specific substances used through the cycle.
Some anabolic steroids vs testosterone boosters
(employmentabroad.com) have a more
potent and long-lasting impact on hormone levels than others.
LH is necessary for the manufacturing of testosterone in the
testicles, whereas FSH is required for sperm manufacturing.
One of the important thing effects of testosterone therapy on male fertility is the means it lowers sperm manufacturing.
Usually, testosterone is produced within the testicles, and
this course of is intently linked to the production of sperm.
When you take testosterone from an outdoor source, like via injections, gels, or patches, it sends a signal to
the mind that your physique has sufficient testosterone.
As a outcome, the brain reduces or stops the indicators that stimulate the testicles to produce testosterone.
Without these alerts, the testicles cease making as a lot testosterone, and sperm production can drop considerably.
Testosterone therapy can have significant results on pregnancy and fertility, and
understanding these effects is essential for anyone contemplating or currently
using testosterone therapy. In this text, we’ve explored the influence of testosterone remedy on both female and male fertility, pregnancy
health, and long-term reproductive health.
We have also covered the choices obtainable for individuals who wish to manage fertility whereas
present process testosterone therapy. For females who’re considering testosterone remedy, egg freezing
is an identical choice. Transgender males, for example, might need to freeze their eggs earlier than beginning testosterone therapy.
The process entails amassing eggs from the ovaries and
freezing them for future use.
Testosterone remedy can have vital effects on female fertility by interfering
with ovulation, disrupting hormone stability, and
doubtlessly inflicting long-term changes to the reproductive system.
For women and transgender men who’re considering pregnancy or need to preserve their fertility,
it’s essential to grasp these results and to hunt steerage from a
healthcare professional. Fertility preservation choices similar to egg freezing could additionally be available, and stopping testosterone remedy can often restore fertility, although
this will likely take time. In conclusion, the time it takes for testosterone
ranges to return to normal after a cycle of exogenous testosterone
can range from particular person to individual.
It is mostly recommended to allow several weeks to several months for testosterone ranges to naturally get well.
Additionally, there’s a probability of misreading a non-trans
person as trans as a end result of inflexible stereotyping about the sexes.
For example, just because a person occurs to be
brief, or occurs to have narrow shoulders, does not imply he is
trans. Many of those who have lived in LBG communities transition not
out of homophobia, but merely out of the recognition that the id of lady just didn’t match them.
As Quickly As glandular/ductal tissue has been surgically removed from the body, it
is gone. Any very small quantity of glandular/ductal tissue
which will stay could experience some shrinkage or
growth, however this may be minor. The results of these combined elements is that sure
misconceptions about trans males seem to circulate despite
the availability of opposite proof, or even widespread sense.
Ce qui peut augmenter la pression artérielle et ainsi augmenter le risque d’accident cardiovasculaire.
Cependant, cet effet est léger comparé aux autres stéroïdes anabolisants
androgènes. Les niveaux très élevés et faibles d’estradiol provoquent des
effets secondaires. Étant donné que les premiers
effets de niveaux d’œstrogènes trop faibles et trop élevés sont très souvent similaires, les débutants en stéroïdes ont souvent du mal à identifier la
cause du problème.
Les effets secondaires de Sustanon 250 sont identiques à ceux
de toute autre forme de testostérone. Ils comprennent l’acné, la gynécomastie, la rétention d’eau, l’augmentation de
la perte de cheveux, l’hypertension artérielle. Le dosage de Sustanon 250 dépend
des objectifs pour lesquels vous l’utilisez et également du niveau de votre expérience.
Le dosage de Sustanon 250 est différent pour les utilisateurs débutants, intermédiaires et avancés.
Le Sustanon 250, produit par Organon, est un anabolisant très populaire qui contient un mélange distinctif
de quatre esters de testostérone, assurant une
libération unique et progressive de l’hormone
après injection. Le Sustanon 250 est très populaire car il
est utile pour les cures de prise de masse et de
sèche, quatre esters en un, c’est la libération rapide de testostérone
dans les 24 à forty eight heures. Sustanon 250 fournit
également une combinaison d’esters à motion lente et rapide.
Il existe de nombreuses variantes de la molécule de testostérone « de base »
qui ont été formulées au fil des ans, mais la plus connue de toutes est le tout-puissant Sustanon 250.
Il a une qualité distinctive et est célèbre pour sa puissante
fonctionnalité. Sustanon 250 est un stéroïde de longue durée, donc les gens ont besoin moins fréquemment injections par rapport aux esters
de testostérone simples.
Des features importants en matière d’hypertrophie (taille) et de pressure peuvent être obtenus
avec des doses plus faibles chez les débutants, car les muscle tissue sont particulièrement réceptifs à la testostérone exogène.
Ainsi, les débutants devraient éviter d’utiliser des dosages élevés, ce qui laisse plus de potentiel de croissance dans les
cycles futurs, où des dosages plus élevés peuvent être incorporés.
L’apport de testostérone exogène augmente la testostérone totale mais
réduit voir supprime les niveaux de testostérone endogène, provoquant une atrophie testiculaire potentielle (rétrécissement).
Ainsi, à la fin d’un cycle, veillez à toujours suivre une thérapie post-cycle appropriée pour faciliter la récupération de la production hormonale naturelle.
La principale différence entre le Sustanon 250 et les autres produits à base de
testostérone quelle est la gamme De testostérone libre (https://ttemployment.com/employer/ampoule-de-sang-sur-le-sac-testiculaire/)
qu’il contient four esters, au lieu d’un seul.
Avant de prendre Sustanon 250 injection, vous devez faire un examen complet
du corps et vous assurer que vous n’avez pas d’autres problèmes médicaux.
Un PCT devrait commencer four semaines après la dernière dose, la demi-vie du décanoate étant de 15 jours et prenant donc beaucoup plus de
temps pour sortir du corps. La puissance des deux substances est très similaire, donc peu importe laquelle vous choisissez.
L’Aromasin est un AI légèrement meilleur car il augmente les niveaux
d’IGF-1 et réduit le SHBG, mais il augmente également le
risque de calvitie. Si vous avez besoin de conseils gratuits sur le cycle de
Sustanon de notre teaching étant professional, vous pouvez nous
contacter directement.
Cela le rend donc plus attrayant pour les personnes qui ne veulent pas d’injections régulières et
réduit également le risque de blessure ou de douleur
dans les zones musculaires. Une minuscule aiguille à insuline suffit pour effectuer
la première méthode. L’injection de la resolution dans le tissu adipeux guarantee une libération plus steady de l’agent et réduit les effets secondaires associés à
des niveaux élevés d’œstrogènes. Malheureusement, cette méthode ne permet d’administrer qu’environ zero,5
ml de solution à la fois. Sinon, une bulle apparaîtra sous la peau (elle disparaîtra après quelques jours).
Sustanon contient three esters à motion rapide
dans sa composition, mais ils ne représentent
que 60% du volume total. Les premiers effets apparaissent donc
dès la première semaine du cycle (libido plus élevée, meilleur
sommeil et meilleure humeur, plus d’énergie), et
pour le reste, il faut attendre environ 3-4 semaines.
L’objectif principal du Sustanon est de fournir le double avantage d’avoir une
libération rapide de l’hormone et de le maintien grâce à la libération proceed de
testostérone. Sustanon 250 est un stéroïde puissant pour améliorer vos positive aspects
de masse musculaire, votre pressure et votre puissance. Dans cet article, nous discuterons
de la meilleure meilleur remedy Sustanon 250 pour obtenir des
résultats efficaces avec un minimal d’effets secondaires.
Sustanon 250 Le stéroïde est un mélange de quatre
variantes d’ester différentes qui offrent d’excellents avantages
dans le gonflement et la réduction des cycles de stéroïdes.
Il est nécessaire de prendre les doses recommandées
et d’effectuer la durée de cycle appropriée pour en tirer le maximum d’avantages.
Comme mentionné ci-dessus, la dose élevée et l’utilisation à long terme de
Sustanon peuvent provoquer différents effets secondaires œstrogéniques et androgènes.
Sustanon 250 est un mélange populaire de quatre esters de
testostérone différents.
To get hold of the data on this web page in a PDF format (and to see the tables
and diagrams referred to above), please obtain our
Topical steroids factsheet, under. If you are having an injection to alleviate ache, it could also include local anaesthetic.
Bear In Mind, hold this and all other medicines
out of the attain of children, by no means share your medicines with others, and use Prednisone only for the indication prescribed.
Stelara (ustekinumab) is used to deal with Crohn’s disease,
ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, and …
Learning, for instance, how ache might feel post-injection compared to what an an infection looks like can imply the distinction between making a call
to get medical help or figuring out that you’ll heal naturally.
This comes with time and expertise, however knowledge is energy, and the extra
you know about what can go mistaken, the much less chance you’ll
have of seeing any critical complications. This ranges from injecting into the mistaken spot or too often in the
same spot, inflicting pain, irritation, or an infection, to far more serious points like accidentally injecting right into a vein and
placing your life in danger. Intramuscular injections will make up the
entirety of your injectable steroid procedures; you’ll only be
using SQ if you’re using some of the additional types of compounds.
So, you will need to have your technique of injecting intramuscularly down to a
T and really feel confident about what you’re doing.
If you’re dedicated to utilizing injectables for a full cycle and future cycles,
you’ll need to stock up on all the necessities;
this consists of syringes, pins, and different supplies.
The eGFR is an effective and independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and kidney failure in a wide range of populations (158).
However, it ought to be appreciated that the accuracy of the equation relies on the
idea that serum creatinine ranges accurately reflect the GFR
– which is uncertain on this explicit inhabitants. Creatinine is, for essentially the most half, a product of the spontaneous nonenzymatic
degradation of creatine (Cr) and creatine phosphate (PCr)
(159). The total conversion rate for the total Cr pool (Cr + PCr)
is (almost) constant and approximately 1.7%
every day. Given that almost all the body’s creatine is saved in skeletal muscle,
a rise in muscle mass increases the day by day production of creatinine and might subsequently
elevate serum creatinine ranges with out impacting GFR.
You might use a bunch of compounds on this cycle, but one will usually be the
MAIN compound that takes on the first anabolic position during the cycle.
As Soon As you’ve injected, the ester begins to detach
from the hormone, and the place it’s a lengthy ester, it could possibly take per
week or two before the results of the steroid kick in. It additionally takes longer
to exit your system when you stop injecting, and this impacts if you start PCT.
And nothing about your age, current weight, and previous training expertise.
A larger improve in serum creatinine levels was noticed in a
small 4-week placebo-controlled trial with resistance-trained men randomized to 330 mg every day of
the oral prohormone 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one
(1-androsterone) or placebo (38). Bioactivation of the prohormone
into the potent anabolic steroid 17β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-3-one (1-testosterone) results
from oxidation at carbon 3 of the A-ring and reduction at
carbon 17 of the D-ring of the steroid nucleus
(156). In these receiving 1-androsterone, serum creatinine levels elevated considerably from
ninety seven.3 μmol/L (1.1 mg/dL) to 115.0 μmol/L (1.3 mg/dL).
Supraphysiological dosages of testosterone,
a minimum of as much as 600 mg testosterone
enanthate, didn’t affect serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
ranges in each healthy younger (15, 22) and older males (37).
Nevertheless, steroids do trigger testicular atrophy (testicular shrinkage) due to
them shutting down endogenous testosterone ranges. We find this
effect to be short-term, and thus, when testosterone ranges return to regular (post-cycle),
the testes are restored to their earlier size. From a physical perspective,
we discover that a PCT retains the body in an anabolic (muscle-building) state, cementing
results from a cycle. Additionally, our patients
report improved sexual health, which may often deteriorate post-cycle, inflicting less libido and weaker
erections. In one research, a gaggle of untrained mice was administered steroids (testosterone), inflicting distinctive muscle growth.
Sure, anabolic steroids Facts are illegal to use for
cosmetic functions in nearly each nation on the earth, with a few exceptions, such as
Mexico and Thailand.
Consequently, an argument might be made to perceive these AAS-induced cardiac adjustments as
threat modifiers when estimating CVD risk utilizing algorithms corresponding to SCORE2 or PCE, and could assist in ‘grey zone’ risk
estimation conditions. Nonetheless, it ought to be acknowledged
that agency proof is lacking. Suppression of spermatogenesis results in testicular atrophy, which is mainly a cosmetic problem, though some males subsequently complain of retractile testes.
Right Here too prednisone plays a vital position in remedy helping prevent critical
issues similar to blindness as a outcome of its anti-inflammatory properties.
Both conditions benefit from prednisone remedy as a result of it decreases gut inflammation considerably reducing discomfort for sufferers.
Lupus erythematosus, commonly generally recognized as
lupus, is one other disease treated with prednisone. It’s a complex
situation where the immune system attacks wholesome tissues.
Analysis reveals that immunotherapy can scale back the severity
of reactions, but the danger of significant reactions, together with anaphylaxis, is merely
too excessive for this to be a first-choice therapy choice.
If you’ve been on immunotherapy for allergy symptoms for a year and haven’t seen an improvement in signs, talk with a healthcare supplier about whether or not you should proceed.
Nonetheless, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not
permitted them for allergy immunotherapy. Some healthcare providers prescribe
allergy drops for “off-label use,” which suggests the drug is utilized in a way apart
from what it was accredited for. In Accordance to the United Kingdom’s National Well Being Service (NHS), whereas most individuals can safely obtain cortisone injections,
this treatment could not go well with sure people. When administering
a cortisone shot, a physician injects an anesthetic into the joint.
This method has a excessive affinity to bind to
multiple types of myocytic steroid receptors. Powerlifters and energy athletes looking for larger lifting totals might optimally
use Check Regimen™ in their cycles. This product pushes
the boundaries of OTC performance enhancement expertise with its unimaginable ergogenic efficacy.
Check Regimen™ is an extremely potent and highly really helpful multi-purpose anabolic agent.
Skeptics typically claim that authorized steroids are nothing greater than overpriced placebos, providing no real benefits for muscle development or efficiency enhancement.
Nevertheless, when you’re on the lookout for one other legal steroid different then strive one other one of many well-liked,
protected and pure supplements on our list of the highest 5 performance-enhancing capsules for girls.
To maximize the benefits of legal steroids, it’s important to observe the recommended dosage and usage tips provided by the producer.
We looked for dietary supplements with constructive reviews and excessive
satisfaction rates amongst prospects. Another benefit is the comfort of legal steroids,
as they’re available as over-the-counter supplements.
This means it’s easily integrated into your day by day routine with out the
necessity for a prescription. Although steroids are doubtlessly harmful
and there may be proof for a shorter life expectancy,
some do take anabolic steroids and reside long lives.
Anabolic steroids are additionally unlawful except
utilized by a doctor in a strict medical setting.
Earlier this month, Nottingham Forest owner Evangelos Marinakis went onto the
sphere immediately after a match to angrily confront the group’s manager.
But as Neville detailed on Instagram, calling it an “unprecedented action,” Forest “wouldn’t give me an accreditation or access to the stadium as a co-commentator.” Consultants share what you want to know earlier than dropping dollars on this fairly new products.
Seize a bottle or two of the products talked about above and see what it does for you.
This isn’t some fly-by-night operation selling “bodybuilder juice” out of
a again room.
With its potent mixture of components, Trenorol provides a quantity of substantial advantages.
Its ability to promote nitrogen retention and protein synthesis considerably contributes to muscle growth.
Moreover, by enhancing purple blood cell manufacturing, Trenorol allows for an increase in oxygen flow to the muscle tissue, resulting in enhanced strength and power during exercises.
As a secure and legal product, Trenorol stands out from many efficiency enhancers, having no severe
unwanted side effects. Are you on the best legal steroids (Kina) lookout for a natural and protected
method to improve muscle progress and boost your athletic performance?
These supplements are a wonderful various to dangerous anabolic
steroids which would possibly be known to hurt your well being.
Natural steroids are designed to help improve testosterone ranges,
which can help enhance muscle development and reduce body fats.
Authorized oral steroids are perfect for athletes who want dependable results
with out risking long-term well being. They offer
the strength and efficiency gains you’re after, minus the complications of artificial hormones
or dangerous injections. All 4 steroids in the power stack are fast-absorbing oral steroids.
Let’s break down why Trenorol earns its place as one of the most highly effective oral legal steroid alternate options out there in 2025.
Many customers begin to note results inside the first 7–10 days, corresponding to improved pumps, elevated drive, and enhanced stamina.
This makes D-Bal an ideal kickstarter compound, particularly if you’re
working a pure or oral-only stack. Let’s dive into why D-Bal is considered some of the complete legal
steroid alternatives for strength and muscle development.
That is why protected authorized steroids like Trenorol are an excellent various since they’re formulated from wholesome pure elements and wouldn’t have negative side effects.
When trying to find a supplement that could enhance my
muscle positive aspects and help joint well being, DecaDuro caught my consideration. Designed to
mimic the results of deca-durabolin, It supplies spectacular power
and muscle progress benefits with out the unwanted aspect
effects. It’s touted as probably the greatest
authorized steroids, and after attempting it, I can see why.
TBULK is designed to imitate the consequences of Trenbolone, a robust anabolic steroid, but
without the dangerous unwanted aspect effects. If you want to get actual illegal anabolic steroids online then sorry, we can’t help you with that, however we
promise these legal options usually are not only much safer to purchase
but are additionally powerful.
If the choice is between Masteron and Primobolan, most of
us will go together with Masteron, which might (and should) be run at a lower dose.
Higher doses of Masteron may end up in extreme muscle
tightening; 300mg per week of Masteron will present the
best outcomes for most users. Deca and EQ combine very properly with
testosterone, and their estrogenic and androgenic results are less extreme.
EQ and Deca can enhance energy and mass achieve whereas minimizing extra unwanted effects.
It became illegal in the US for non-medicinal causes,
as a outcome of a brand new understanding of the steroid’s potential to cause
extreme side effects. We looked at how much of every ingredient
was used to verify it is secure and efficient. We solely recommend supplements
that comprise elements in amounts that are effective.
One Other good thing about using HBulk is that it is one hundred pc authorized and secure to use with no side
effects. The beneficial dosage of HBulk is 2 capsules a day with water,
preferably minutes earlier than workout periods.
Many steroids are thought of controlled substances and require a prescription to be used.
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