Cambridge 16 Reading Test 03
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Roman shipbuilding and navigation
Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.
There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.
Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea’s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.
There were many kinds of warship. The ‘trireme’ was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.
Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.
The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.
The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognisable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians.
2 Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks.
3 The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull before the frame.
4 The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use.
5 Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army.
Questions 6-13
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.
Warships and merchant ships
Warships were designed so that they were 6 ………………… and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of 7 ………………… was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different 8 ………………… .
Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad 9 ………………… that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and 10 ………………… sails. On merchant ships and warships, 11 ………………… was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time.
Quantities of agricultural goods such as 12 ………………… were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by 13 ………………… . When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Climate change reveals ancient artefacts in Norway’s glaciers
A
Well above the treeline in Norway’s highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth’s climate warms. As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years – items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age* traders. And those artefacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
———–
*Viking Age: a period of European history from around 700 CE to around 1050 CE when Scandinavian Vikings migrated throughout Europe by means of trade and warfare
B
Organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites. This is because unless they’re protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend no to last long. Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years, but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.
With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts, preserve them, and study them. If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science, or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well-preserved. The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.
C
Over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Pilø of Oppland County Council, Norway, and James Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country’s highest mountains. Reindeer once congregated on these ice patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age**, hunters followed. In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oppland, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.
The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 metres. That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.
‘Fieldwork is hard work – hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost – but very rewarding. You’re rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention, discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment,’ says Barrett.
—————
**The Stone Age: a period in early history that began about 3.4 million years ago
D
At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefacts, which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BCE to the beginnings of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many of the artefacts are associated with hunting. Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home. Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oppland: all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
E
Barrett’s team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region – such as periods of cooling or warming – and major social and economic shifts – such as the growth of farming settlements and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. They found that some periods had produced lots of artefacts, which indicates that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times. But there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
F
What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods. Oppland’s mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold, glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult. Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the Late Antique Little Ice Age, a short period of deeper-than-usual cold from about 536-600 CE. But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold, based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.
‘Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period, perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures,’ says Barrett. A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
G
Many of the artefacts Barrett’s team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking Age, the 700s through to the 900s CE. Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Middle East were expanding around this time. Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods travelled on overland routes, like the mountain passes of Oppland. And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs. Business must have been good for hunters.
H
Norway’s mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history – and prehistory – in remote ice patches. When Barrett’s team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, they noticed a gap with almost no artefacts from about 3,800 to 2,200 BCE. In fact, archaeological finds from that period are rare all over Norway. The researchers say that could be because many of those artefacts have already disintegrated or are still frozen in the ice. That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artefacts from retreating ice in years to come.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct number, A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14 an explanation for weapons being left behind in the mountains
15 a reference to the physical difficulties involved in an archaeological expedition
16 an explanation of why less food may have been available
17 a reference to the possibility of future archaeological discoveries
18 examples of items that would have been traded
19 a reference to the pressure archaeologists are under to work quickly
Questions 20-22
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.
Interesting finds at an archaeological site
Organic materials such as animal skins and textiles are not discovered very often at archaeological sites. They have little protection against 20 …………………, which means that they decay relatively quickly. But this is not always the case. If temperatures are low enough, fragile artefacts can be preserved for thousands of years.
A team of archaeologists have been working in the mountains in Oppland in Norway to recover artefacts revealed by shrinking ice cover. In the past, there were trade routes through these mountains and 21 ………………… gathered there in the summer months to avoid being attacked by 22 ………………… on lower ground. The people who used these mountains left things behind and it is those objects that are of interest to archaeologists.
Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about the discoveries of Barrett’s team?
A Artefacts found in the higher mountain passes were limited to skiing equipment.
B Hunters went into the mountains even during periods of extreme cold.
C The number of artefacts from certain time periods was relatively low.
D Radiocarbon dating of artefacts produced some unreliable results.
E More artefacts were found in Oppland than at any other mountain site.
Questions 25 and 26
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about the Viking Age?
A Hunters at this time benefited from an increased demand for goods.
B The beginning of the period saw the greatest growth in the wealth of Vikings.
C Vikings did not rely on ships alone to transport goods.
D Norwegian towns at this time attracted traders from around the world.
E Vikings were primarily interested in their trading links with the Middle East.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Plant ‘thermometer’ triggers springtime growth by measuring night-time heat
A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been found to have a second job as a thermometer after dark – allowing plants to read seasonal temperature changes. Scientists say the discovery could help breed crops that are more resilient to the temperatures expected to result from climate change
A
An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered that the ‘thermometer’ molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes. Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes – used by plants to detect light during the day – actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night.
The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.
B
At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is ‘directly proportional to temperature’, say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer. The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change – stimulating plant growth.
C
Farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature: warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early, something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year. The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants that reacts to temperature – often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.
D
With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change, researchers say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops. ‘It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this. Key crops such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures. Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every one degree increase in temperature,’ says lead researcher Dr Philip Wigge from Cambridge’s Sainsbury Laboratory. ‘Discovering the molecules that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress and climate change.’
E
In their active state, phytochrome molecules bind themselves to DNA to restrict plant growth. During the day, sunlight activates the molecules, slowing down growth. If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated – enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again. This is how plants compete to escape each other’s shade. ‘Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second,’ says Wigge.
At night, however, it’s a different story. Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state. This is called ‘dark reversion’. ‘Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature,’ says Wigge.
F
‘The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity, so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state. This is why plants are slower to grow in winter. Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant’s DNA – allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.’ Wigge believes phytochrome thermo-sensing evolved at a later stage, and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.
G
Some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the reason. Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact, the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season: oak before ash we’ll have a plash, ash before oak we’re in for a soak.
Wigge explains: ‘Oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development, whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing. A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash. A cold spring will see the opposite. As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.’
H
The new findings are the culmination of twelve years of research involving scientists from Germany, Argentina and the US, as well as the Cambridge team. The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis, but Wigge says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well. ‘Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants, and even alter their activity using precise molecular “scalpels”,’ adds Wigge. ‘Cambridge is uniquely well-positioned to do this kind of research as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology, and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.’
Questions 27-32
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27 The Cambridge scientists’ discovery of the ‘thermometer molecule’ caused surprise among other scientists.
28 The target for agricultural production by 2050 could be missed.
29 Wheat and rice suffer from a rise in temperatures.
30 It may be possible to develop crops that require less water.
31 Plants grow faster in sunlight than in shade.
32 Phytochromes change their state at the same speed day and night.
Questions 33-37
Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
33 mention of specialists who can make use of the research findings
34 a reference to a potential benefit of the research findings
35 scientific support for a traditional saying
36 a reference to people traditionally making plans based on plant behaviour
37 a reference to where the research has been reported
Questions 38-40
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38 Daffodils are likely to flower early in response to ………………….. weather.
39 If ash trees come into leaf before oak trees, the weather in ………………….. will probably be wet.
40 The research was carried out using a particular species of ………………….. .
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In the same yr, Chapel and colleagues in Oxford reported intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) might forestall infections in CLL sufferers with hypogammaglobulinaemia.
In 1988, Catovsky and colleagues reported the primary MRC randomised trials
of CLL evaluating chlorambucil with watch and wait and cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone mixture chemotherapy.
In 1977, Fred Sanger printed ‘DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors’, broadly adopted and known as ‘Sanger sequencing’.
The first thalassaemia and sickle cell disease centre was established
in Brent, London, in 1979 by nurse specialist Elizabeth Anionwu and advisor
haematologist Millica Brozovic. The first thalassaemia and sickle cell illness centre was established in Brent, London, in 1979 by nurse specialist Elizabeth
Anionwu and advisor haematologist Millica Brozovic.
There have subsequently been thirteen trials funded by firstly the Medical Research Council, then Most Cancers Analysis UK and UK Myeloma Research Alliance.
When they do occur they’re fairly particular, and embody aquagenic
pruritus, erythromelalgia, signs of arterial or venous thromboses, and gout.
In addition, the chance for transformation to myelofibrosis in sufferers who have polycythemia
vera is approximately 15%; in such cases, they current with fatigue, bone pain, sweating,
and signs of splenomegaly, similar to early satiety and/or splenic
ache. The danger for transformation to acute leukemia is
decrease, at 3% to 5%, by which case the symptoms are the identical as those in any acute leukemia.
After I see a patient with elevated hemoglobin,
my next step is to take a medical and family history. Differentiating between acquired and
congenital polycythemia and between sporadic and familial polycythemia
requires a time-consuming analysis. Complicating issues is that polycythemia vera is at all times acquired, arising from a
somatic mutation, however well-documented clusters of circumstances
of polycythemia vera in households do exist.
This finding suggests the existence of a not-yet-defined familial genetic predisposition to somatic mutations that result in the development of those
problems.
This evaluate examines the literature regarding testosterone-induced erythrocytosis and polycythemia.
Factors such because the patient’s age, total health, lifestyle, and the severity of polycythemia play an important position in determining the most appropriate remedy plan. Common follow-ups and blood tests are important to watch
the effectiveness of any adjustments and to make sure that the
affected person maintains optimum testosterone levels
for their health and well-being. When deciphering hemoglobin and hematocrit test outcomes, healthcare providers consider a quantity of
factors, including the patient’s age, gender, total well being, and particular TRT regimen.
The medical and experimental research discussed
in this evaluate have been retrieved from the peer-reviewed
journals indexed on the PubMed database from January 1954 to June 2011.
A Quantity Of searches have been performed, using the search terms testosterone, androgen, erythropoiesis, polycythemia, hemopoiesis, white cell, lymhocyte,
neutrophil, thrombocyte, platelet, prostate most cancers and males.
Historic references (published prior to 1954) had been retrieved
from library archives. Regardless Of its positive results, TTh has several common unwanted effects, together
with will increase in estrogen levels, gynecomastia, and erythrocytosis [10–15].
A Lot recent attention has been focused on the consequences of
TTh on the cardiovascular system. In Depth debate has surrounded high impact publications with questionable methodologies and controversial conclusions
that suggested vital cardiovascular threat for men on TTh with alternative research suggesting profit
[16–20].
Hydration, food plan, physical activity, smoking cessation, stress management, and regular well being
check-ups collectively contribute to a more healthy blood profile and overall well-being.
These lifestyle changes, in conjunction with medical therapies, present a
complete approach to managing polycythemia, guaranteeing the secure and
effective continuation of TRT. Navigating the complexities of managing polycythemia while on TRT necessitates a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.
Individual treatment plans should be tailor-made primarily based on the patient’s specific
needs, response to therapy, and the severity of polycythemia.
Common consultations and open communication with healthcare
professionals are essential for making informed choices and adjusting treatment strategies as wanted.
For many people on Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT), the looks of polycythemia – a rise in red blood cell rely
– presents a challenging dilemma.
It aims \”to play a number one role in secure and efficient transfusion follow by delivering prime quality education and coaching, setting standards and promoting analysis and development and innovation\”.
A meta-analysis in 2015 of over 400 instances treated
with rituximab discovered an total response fee
of 70% in patients with warm AIHA (half obtained concomitant steroids) and 57% in sufferers with chilly
haemagglutinin illness (CHAD). Large-scale genotyping
of purple cell genes allows extra extensively genotyped stock
and identification of rare donors the place serological screening reagents not out there.
BSH printed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of grownup aplastic anaemia in 2016.
Analysis might be made on the idea of SF, transferrin saturation and HFE status.
In 2014, the NCRI Myeloma X trial confirmed the benefit of high-dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem-cell
transplantation as consolidation remedy in sufferers with relapsed multiple myeloma after earlier autologous stem-cell transplantation. A 2011 report within the New England Journal of Medicine
reported the use of gene therapy in six sufferers with
haemophilia in a dose-escalation design.
(Patient protocols may range primarily based on particular person responses, and you must at all times follow your provider’s guidance).
Polycythemia is linked to critical problems corresponding to blood clots, stroke, and coronary heart assault.
Therapies similar to life-style changes, medicines, therapeutic phlebotomy, prescription adjustments, and surgery may help prevent
these issues. Polycythemia can be a threat for transgender men taking testosterone as hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
A 2021 examine means that about 11.5% of transgender
men receiving HRT develop polycythemia. It is mostly beneficial that men with existing prostate most cancers not be treated with androgens to avoid the risk of accelerating tumor progress.
These could possibly be removed by leukapheresis, cryopreserved and subsequently used to
autograft sufferers with advanced section illness. In 1984, Moake reported detecting ultra-large von Willebrand factor multimers in plasma of sufferers with persistent relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
This discovery offered a clue that these proteins were liable
for the increased risk of thrombosis. If I am in a place
to exclude arterial hypoxia, elevated carbon monoxide, and methemoglobinemia, I measure the erythropoietin level.
This is usually low in polycythemia vera and even decrease in primary familial
and congenital polycythemia. Of course, it is typically unimaginable to discover out how lengthy the
elevation has been current as a outcome of it might be that the patient’s hemoglobin stage
is being tested for the primary time in maturity.
References:
Anabolic Muscle Growth
B12 ist für eine optimale Produktion roter Blutkörperchen unerlässlich, und ein Mangel an diesem Vitamin kann zu Anämie führen. SIBO
kann nach einem chirurgischen Eingriff oder als Folge einer Krankheit auftreten. Dadurch kann eine Tasche
oder ein ähnlicher Zustand entstehen, der den Verdauungsprozess verlangsamt und einen Nährboden für Bakterien schafft.
In einigen Fällen kann ein chirurgischer Eingriff notwendig
sein, um dies zu beheben, aber die häufigste Vorgehensweise ist eine antibiotische Behandlung oder die Verwendung
antiseptischer Kräuter. Unabhängig von der Ursache ist es wichtig,
in solchen Fällen ärztliche Hilfe in Anspruch zu nehmen. Früher glaubte man, die
Bakterien unserer Darmflora seien lediglich ein Werkzeug zur Verdauung von Ballaststoffen und anderen unverdaulichen Verbindungen. Neuere Forschungen deuten jedoch darauf
hin, dass das Darmmikrobiom bei verschiedenen Erkrankungen eine wichtige Rolle spielen kann.
Testosteron ist ein Steroidhormon vom Androgentyp, das von Männern in den Hoden und von Frauen in den Eierstöcken produziert wird und aus Cholesterin hergestellt wird.
Die hypophyse produziert kein testosteron mehr (slonec.com) ist dafür verantwortlich,
den Hoden zu signalisieren, die Produktion von Testosteron zu beginnen oder zu stoppen. Der natürliche Testosteronspiegel bei Männern ist höher als bei Frauen, und das Hormon ist für die Entwicklung der Geschlechtsorgane bei Männern verantwortlich.
Das Hormon ist auch an der Entwicklung männlicher Merkmale beteiligt, wie dem Wachstum von Haaren, dem Adamsapfel und einer geringen Körperfettmasse.
Testosteron wird vom Körper für das Wachstum von Organen und Muskeln verwendet und stimuliert die Sexualfunktionen und die Spermienproduktion. Nachdem Sie Ihren Bluttest bezahlt
haben, erhalten Sie von der Web Site eine E-Mail mit Ihren Bestellinformationen. Außerdem wird Ihnen mitgeteilt, welches Labor Sie in Ihrer Nähe aufsuchen müssen, um
den Test durchführen zu lassen.
Um einen niedrigen Testosteronspiegel zu diagnostizieren,
sollten Sie einen Bluttest bei Ihrem Arzt machen lassen und
feststellen, was Sie tun müssen, um Ihren T-Spiegel auf
ein normales Niveau zu bringen. Die Konzentration von Testosteron im Blut reguliert über einen negativen Rückkopplungsmechanismus die
Produktion von GnRH und LH. Wenn der Testosteronspiegel im
Blut zu hoch wird, wird die Produktion von GnRH und LH reduziert, was
wiederum die Testosteronproduktion drosselt.
Wenn Sie jedoch Sportler sind und regelmäßig trainieren, ist Ihr Proteinbedarf höher, um Muskelkater zu reparieren und wieder aufzubauen und
sich schneller zu erholen. In diesem Fall empfehlen wir Ihnen, vor der Einnahme
von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln einen Ernährungsberater zu konsultieren. Es ist jedoch wichtig, eine vollwertige Proteinquelle
für das Nahrungsergänzungsmittel zu wählen. Erbsenprotein ist beispielsweise eines
der beliebtesten veganen Proteinpulver. Obwohl es einen hohen Proteingehalt hat,
enthält es nur wenige essentielle Aminosäuren. Daher müssen Sie auf andere Proteinquellen wie Quinoa, Buchweizen und Hülsenfrüchte zurückgreifen, um den Bedarf Ihres Körpers zu decken. Viele Menschen verwenden möglicherweise
den Begriff „Arzneimittelallergie” oder „Arzneimittelallergie”.
Umgekehrt steigert ein niedriger Testosteronspiegel die Produktion von GnRH und LH, um die
Testosteronproduktion anzukurbeln. Ein zu niedriger Testosteronspiegel kann bei Männern zu Symptomen wie verringertem sexuellem Verlangen, Müdigkeit und
Despair führen. Bei Frauen kann ein niedriger Testosteronspiegel ähnliche Auswirkungen haben und auch
die Knochendichte beeinträchtigen. Testosteron spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei
der Regulation der Fruchtbarkeit bei Männern. Ein angemessener Testosteronspiegel ist für die Spermienproduktion und die Qualität der Spermien von großer Bedeutung.
Es spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in der Geschlechtsreife, dem
Stoffwechsel und der Libido. Sowohl Männer als auch Frauen fragen sich oft, welche Testosteronwerte als regular gelten. Der durchschnittliche Testosteronspiegel nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter ab und dieses Phänomen wird als spät einsetzender Hypogonadismus
bezeichnet. Drei charakteristische Merkmale, die die Gegenwart des spät einsetzenden Hypogonadismus definieren, sind geringe Libido, reduzierte spontane Erektion und erektile Dysfunktion. An altersbedingtem Hypogonadismus sind sowohl primärer als auch sekundärer Hypogonadismus beteiligt.
Während einer Blutuntersuchung entnimmt ein Arzt mit einer
kleinen Nadel eine Blutprobe aus einer Vene in Ihrem Arm. Nach
dem Einführen der Nadel wird eine kleine Menge Blut in einem Reagenzglas oder Fläschchen gesammelt.
Sie können einen kleinen Stich spüren, wenn die Nadel ein- oder ausgeht.
Auf den ersten Blick mag der Zusammenhang zwischen Ihrer DNA und den Lebensmitteln, die
Sie essen, unklar erscheinen.
In seltenen Fällen können diese C-Zellen entarten und sich zum sogenannten medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinom entwickeln. Aus diesem Grund kann ein erhöhter Calcitonin-Wert ein Hinweis auf den medullären Schilddrüsenkrebs sein (Tumormarker).
Andere Symptome – Zu den anderen Symptomen im Zusammenhang mit einem
niedrigen Testosteronspiegel gehören eine geringe
Muskelmasse und eine nicht tiefere Stimme.
Avocado, Lachs, Nüsse und Co für ungesättigte FettsäurenTestosteron wird
aus Cholesterin hergestellt. Demzufolge kann eine fettreiche Ernährung mit vielen ungesättigte Fettsäuren deine Testosteronproduktion begünstigen. Gute Fette findest du
in Avocados, Lachs, Nüssen, Samen und hochwertigen Ölen wie Olivenöl.
Die Testosteron-Ersatztherapie (TRT) kann eine Lösung für diejenigen sein, die unter den Symptomen eines niedrigen Testosteronspiegels leiden. Bei der Testosterontherapie wird dem Körper zusätzliches Testosteron zugeführt, um den Spiegel zu erhöhen und
im normalen Bereich zu halten. Eine der besten natürlichen Ergänzungen zur Steigerung des Testosterons bei
Frauen ist Hersolution.
La prise de sang pour la testostérone est un outil indispensable pour poser un diagnostic, comprendre l’origine des symptômes et mettre en place un éventuel traitement de l’andropause.
En réalisant cet examen correctement (à jeun, le matin) et en advisor un spécialiste, vous pouvez agir pour améliorer votre bien-être.
Autrement, vous pouvez vous référer aux tableaux suivants
qui indiquent les niveaux sains de testostérone dans l’organisme selon l’âge.
Nous rappelons que ces indications peuvent varier selon les individus,
c’est la raison pour laquelle elles sont exprimées ici avec une fourchette de taux pour chaque tranche d’âge.
À noter également que les résultats peuvent varier d’un laboratoire à l’autre.
La testostérone est une hormone pléiotropique, ce qui signifie qu’elle affecte différents phénotypes et
joue un rôle necessary dans le corps humain.
Un test sanguin prescrit par un médecin permet de mesurer précisément votre taux de testostérone.
Outre le bilan sanguin, il est potential d’opter pour un take a look
at urinaire. En revanche, ce dernier se concentre sur les niveaux de testostérone libre, contrairement au
test sanguin de copeptine (Kerrie)
sanguin. Chez la femme, de faibles quantités de testostérone sont formées
dans l’ovaire.
Ce convertisseur d’unités en ligne est un calculateur
convertissant les unités traditionnelles en unités
internationales et inversément utilisées en biologie médicale.
La check Testosterone libre tableau de conversion facteur
des unités en pmol/L, pg/mL, pg/dL, pg/100mL, pg%, pg/L, ng/L.
Comme les autres hormones stéroïdiennes, les concentrations de testostérone suivent un rythme diurne, avec un pic
le matin et une baisse au cours de la journée.
Pour des os en acier, rien de mieux que les produits laitiers, ces amis pour la vie.
Des céréales, de la viande et de l’eau compléteront ce régime
croissance. Bien dormir est indispensable pour augmenter sa
manufacturing de l’hormone de croissance. C’est durant
le sommeil que l’hormone agit le plus efficacement.
Pour s’assurer que le corps sécrète suffisamment d’hormone de croissance, il faut avant tout bien dormir la nuit.
La densité, exprimée en milligrammes par millilitre (mg/mL),
représente le poids d’une substance dans un millilitre de quantity.
En cas de doute, demandez conseil à votre médecin ou endocrinologue.
Cet article explorera les différents elements du dosage de la testostérone, y compris
les méthodes d’administration, les effets secondaires et les recommandations.
Si vous souhaitez vérifier votre taux de testostérone sans prescription médicale, cela reste attainable, mais à
vos frais. Cela peut être intéressant si vous suspectez des
symptômes d’andropause, mais ne souhaitez pas consulter immédiatement.
Cependant, seul un médecin pourra interpréter vos résultats dans un contexte international et
recommander, ou non, un traitement à base de
testostérone.
Par ailleurs, le niveau d’œstrogène d’une femme baisse après la ménopause et des maladies telles que le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK)
peuvent également faire augmenter le taux
de testostérone. Les médecins mesurent le niveau de testostérone dans le
sang en nanogrammes par décilitre (ng/dl), en microgramme par litre (µg/l) ou encore en nanomoles par litre (nmol/l).
Pour passer d’une unité de mesure à une autre, nous vous
proposons d’utiliser ce web site internet qui dispose d’un outil de conversion complet.
La testostérone est une hormone essentielle pour la santé humaine.
Souvent associée à la masculinité, elle joue également un rôle
significatif chez les femmes. Impliquée dans une multitude de fonctions biologiques,
elle affecte la santé globale de l’organisme.
En effet, il sera bien placé pour repérer les anomalies
en fonction des symptômes et des caractéristiques de santé que vous présentez.
Enfin, il pourra éventuellement décider de vous faire passer des examens complémentaires en cas de besoin. Lorsqu’il
s’agit de maintenir une santé optimale et d’améliorer
sa qualité de vie, la testostérone joue un rôle essentiel,
notamment chez les hommes. Cependant, avec l’âge, la manufacturing
de testostérone have a tendency à diminuer, ce qui peut entraîner divers
problèmes de santé et de bien-être. Dans cet article, nous explorerons des moyens
simples et naturels d’augmenter sa testostérone, vous aidant ainsi à rester en forme et en bonne santé.
Les acides gras oméga-3, la vitamine D, le cholestérol et les protéines qu’ils contiennent sont tous essentiels à la manufacturing de testostérone.
Le jaune d’oeuf contient également du zinc, un nutriment qui
participe à la synthèse de la testostérone.
Le calculateur mg à mL simplifie le processus de conversion du poids d’une substance en milligrammes à son volume en millilitres.
Cette conversion est essentielle dans divers domaines tels que la santé,
la cuisine et les expériences scientifiques, où des mesures
précises jouent un rôle critique. Le dosage de la testostérone
libre en pg/mL permet d’évaluer précisément le statut hormonal d’un individu.
Il est plus fiable que la seule mesure de la testostérone
totale.
La testostérone est une hormone puissante tant chez l’homme que chez
la femme. Elle participe au contrôle de la pulsion sexuelle,
régule la production de sperme, favorise la croissance de
la masse musculaire et augmente l’énergie. Elle peut même
influencer des comportements humains, comme l’agressivité et la combativité.
Voici quelques informations pratiques pour vous aider
à suivre son évolution selon votre âge et votre sexe.
La mesure de la testostérone joue un rôle essentiel dans le diagnostic de différents troubles endocriniens.
En règle générale, les taux de testostérone dans le
sang sont plus élevés pendant la période allant de l’adolescence au début de l’âge adulte.
Le fait de pratiquer une activité physique
intense (pendant 30 minutes ou plus) libère la testostérone et permet de regagner du muscle et de perdre
l’excès de poids. Evitez le stress, qui libère du cortisol, une hormone qui diminue la manufacturing de testostérone.
Throughout puberty, when testosterone ranges enhance, it can cause adjustments in facial bone
construction. Testosterone prompts the growth of the bones within the face,
including the jawline and cheekbones. These adjustments in bone
construction can result in a extra pronounced and
masculine look of the face. One of the most noticeable effects of testosterone on facial features is the
development of a outstanding jawline.
Alerts from the brain to the pituitary gland regulate testosterone production in males.
The pituitary gland, which is discovered on the
base of the mind, sends messages to the testes to produce testosterone.
A “suggestions loop” carefully displays levels of this hormone within the blood.
Testosterone, the main male sex hormone that’s produced by the testicles, is anabolic and does allow you to
build muscle. (That’s certainly one of its capabilities,
anyway; it has many others.) However different hormones additionally contribute to muscle building and endurance.
Let’s say you’ve tackled a killer leg day and wish to ensure you’re getting probably
the most bang on your buck when it comes where to buy oral steroids T-level optimization. You can use
these further tricks to maximize your testosterone production even additional.
So with out more knowledge it is impossible to actually say that abstinence will increase
testosterone at all. There are a variety of components that can trigger elevated testosterone
manufacturing. In one study, ladies handled for major despair had greater levels of DHT and other male intercourse hormones
[42]. The hormone-boosting substance has been used to treat
numerous symptoms of growing older. At Present, it’s popularly identified for efficient remedy of low testosterone levels in males, also called “Low T”.
Nonetheless, boosts in testosterone only occur when performing
certain moves. In girls, testosterone plays a task in ovarian operate,
bone well being and sexual health, though “information is combined” on the latter level, explains Narang.
One small research discovered that men who took 500 mg a
day for eight weeks skilled peak muscular power, due to muscle and connective tissue variations (4).
Shilajit (pronounced shill-uh-jeet) is a supplement with roots
in traditional drugs systems around the globe. “In Sanskrit, the word shilajit means destroyer of weak point,” explains licensed Ayurvedic practitioner Susan Weis-Bohlen. The
sticky adaptogenic substance has been touted as a cure-all
for centuries. When it comes to shilajit’s advantages for males, some analysis helps its ability to assist promote fertility and increase testosterone
ranges (1). A small 2017 examine with 50 participants discovered that taking 500 mg of fenugreek
extract per day elevated free testosterone levels by up to 46% in 90% of
members after 12 weeks. The extract additionally improved psychological alertness
and temper in most participants.
The finest actions to extend testosterone contain massive muscle groups – squats, deadlifts,
and so forth. Here are answers to a few frequent questions on boosting
your testosterone by way of strength training. However, HIIT includes brief bursts of
intense train adopted by short rest intervals, which can result in a temporary testosterone
boost. The researchers found that testosterone levels fluctuated little or no up till a peak of testosterone on the seventh day.
By monitoring these ranges, adjustments to the dosage may be made
as wanted to maintain a wholesome testosterone balance.
To mitigate these potential side effects, it is recommended
to begin with a low dose of DHEA and progressively enhance
it if essential. Common monitoring of hormone levels and overall well being can be important when taking DHEA dietary supplements.
Additionally, it’s important to comply with the beneficial dosage and not exceed it, as greater
doses can increase the risk of side effects. Apart from scientific proof, additionally it is valuable to consider anecdotal experiences
from people who have tried DHEA supplementation. Many users report subjective enhancements in libido, energy
levels, and total well-being after utilizing DHEA. Nonetheless, it’s essential to
keep in mind that individual responses to supplements
can differ, and anecdotal proof should not be thought-about as definitive proof.
Many folks have an inaccurate perception about testosterone, believing that it’s completely a male hormone but this is actually not the case.
Despite many impressive marketing claims, scientists are usually not
convinced that they live as much as the hype. Testosterone therapy might have an result on those levels of cholesterol, including larger
HDL levels of cholesterol. Several estrogen blocker medications used to treat the imbalance
of testosterone to estrogen have been initially developed for use in treating feminine breast
most cancers. In a randomized trial, men received a massage using gel with or with out testosterone.
Men dosed with testosterone rated ladies with usually feminine features—a small
jaw, massive eyes, high eyebrows—as extra engaging than males who obtained the placebo.
Your health care provider might further advocate an ultrasound to examine your
ovaries and uterus if they believe PCOS.
Refined grains have a low nutritional value, and research
show that, like sugar, they’ll negatively impact
blood sugar ranges and lead to insulin resistance.
We know that diabetes can cause low testosterone ranges, which is why
it’s a lot better to stay to advanced “good” carbohydrates.
Nevertheless, low testosterone in men has especially turn out to be a major
well being concern right now. If you may have low testosterone, like many males do,
these testosterone-boosting meals and life-style adjustments can help you overcome it naturally … and faster.
Regular weight lifting can improve lean muscle mass and improve
overall physique composition to profit testosterone.
But there’s more to what testosterone cypionate can do for you outside of muscle building.
Not only does it improve muscle progress and strengthen bones, it’s also been linked with bettering cardiovascular
well being in men, rising cognitive function and boosting libido.
Naturally, it’s something most men want more of, especially if you’re severe about your positive aspects.
These taking three grams of DAA complement per day did
not experience any modifications in testosterone markers.
The amino acid aspartic acid is known for its capacity to
extend testosterone manufacturing naturally. That mentioned,
D-aspartic acid critiques are blended, with
some research displaying that it isn’t effective.
They will also carry out bodily exams and blood exams before offering a prescription.
Under is a guide that highlights testosterone alternative therapy
(TRT) therapies and TRT insurance coverage protection. In summary, the worth
of testosterone cypionate can vary depending on the dosage and frequency of use.
Higher dosages and extra frequent injections will usually result in a
higher total cost. It is essential to seek the assistance of with a healthcare professional to find
out the suitable dosage and frequency for particular person needs and to discuss any cost concerns.
The lively ingredient in all manufacturers of testosterone cypionate is identical, which
is testosterone.
There are various pharmaceutical companies and compounding pharmacies that produce
testosterone cypionate, and the costs could differ between these
totally different manufacturers. Moreover, the cost can also be influenced by components such as location, availability, and insurance protection. In addition to consulting a healthcare supplier, people
also can analysis and evaluate costs at completely different pharmacies or online platforms.
This might help them find one of the best deal and probably lower your expenses on their testosterone cypionate prescription. It Is necessary to guarantee that the pharmacy or platform
from which the treatment is bought is respected and
dependable to ensure the quality of the product.
Each TRT technique has distinct benefits and drawbacks, and the selection largely depends on particular person wants, consolation, and the recommendation of a healthcare provider.
Observe that these prices are current on the time of this writing
(June 2024). Regardless Of having the same effect of restoring regular
testosterone levels, these two therapies include completely different price tags.
Understanding the financial implications in addition to the potential
benefits these treatments include can help you make
a more knowledgeable choice on which is finest for your wants.
If you’re involved about Low-T and want to begin testosterone alternative therapy, make sure you do it proper.
They will work with you to determine a therapy plan that’s proper for your body.
Based in your distinctive state of affairs, your physician might suggest
one kind of testosterone over another.
The most reliable and exact method to dose testosterone is via
intramuscular injections as a outcome of their great
bioavailability. Moreover, injections present the quickest increase in T ranges and reduction of hypogonadism symptoms in comparability with all different varieties.
While handy, oral drugs usually represent the most expensive ongoing treatment possibility.
Many men choose injections not only for price savings but also for his or her reliability and effectiveness.
However being educated on the common prices and strategies obtainable could possibly prevent cash
in case your physician tries to prescribe a costlier therapy method unnecessarily.
Documentation consists of lab results, doctor’s notes, medical history,
and evidence of failed alternative remedies if relevant.
Remember to remain organized, totally evaluation the denial reasons,
and provide compelling supporting documentation to strengthen your attraction. By asserting your case and
advocating for your well being, you enhance the chances of getting your TRT covered by insurance coverage.
After submitting the pre-authorization request,
it’s essential to keep monitor of the progress.
Testosterone remedy is a medical treatment used to increase testosterone ranges in the physique when they’re low.
Testosterone is a hormone that plays a vital role in the physique, especially for
males, but also for girls. It helps with muscle growth,
bone density, purple blood cell production, and sustaining intercourse drive.
When testosterone ranges drop under regular, it can result in a selection of symptoms,
together with low energy, mood swings, weight gain, and decreased muscle building steroid pills; http://www.qianqi.cloud, strength.
Testosterone remedy might help bring ranges back to a healthy range
and relieve these symptoms.
It helps keep physique composition and reduces extra fats, especially stomach fat.
While testosterone alternative therapy can enhance vitality and libido,
it can also improve your health in lots of other methods.
To totally understand how testosterone replacement improves men’s health, let’s rapidly recap the role of testosterone in the physique.
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Some clinics work instantly with sufferers on cost plans or offer
sliding scales based mostly on income. You can also find specific sections mentioning “hormone alternative remedy” or “testosterone remedy.” If testosterone remedy is
mentioned, learn the phrases carefully. Usually, protection is dependent
upon whether or not the therapy is medically necessary and whether it meets sure criteria outlined by your insurance coverage plan.
Even when people meet all the criteria, insurance corporations typically deny testosterone remedy coverage.
When this occurs, it may be disappointing, but it’s essential to do not
neglect that a denial isn’t the end of the street.
Insurance corporations have an appeal course
of where patients can problem the denial and ask for their
case to be reviewed again.
While testosterone therapy could be a important expense, it may be deductible if it meets sure criteria.
By preserving organized data and consulting a tax skilled, you’ll be able to probably cut back the financial burden of
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In testosterone therapy, some brand names could be costly as
a end result of they’re well-known and trusted. Nevertheless,
generic testosterone injections, gels, and patches are available
and will cost a lot less. Choosing a generic option can save you money without changing
the treatment’s effectiveness. These medicines add to the
monthly price of testosterone therapy and will not be covered by insurance coverage.
It characteristically presents with a extreme, diffuse, proximal, and distal weak point that
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When appropriate, a non-systemic route is preferable to the systemic route
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Corticosteroid medicines embrace cortisone, hydrocortisone and prednisone.
They are useful in treating rashes, inflammatory bowel disease,
asthma and different situations. Screening is by measuring early morning
salivary cortisol after truly fizzling out the dose
of cortisol.
Use an efficient form of contraception to keep from getting pregnant.
If you suppose you might have turn into pregnant
while using this drugs, inform your doctor immediately.
Occasionally, you might develop pounding complications from epidural injections.
For longer-term prescriptions, docs could taper down dosages steadily to
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They’re also referred to as glucocorticoids or the shortened name steroids.
Your supplier might provide you with a steroid via an injection, a cream in your pores and skin or a drugs you are taking orally.
Talk to your provider about potential unwanted facet effects earlier than starting a new corticosteroid.
It’s completely normal to be nervous or
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The loss of trabecular bone can occur throughout the first 6 to 12 months of therapy.
Oral corticosteroids may be given for brief or long periods
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The immune system is the physique’s pure defence
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Topical steroids used for the skin can be found
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Glucocorticoids exert negative suggestions results on the HPA axis.
They immediately suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing
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Corticosteroids are a boon on your well being if you’re dwelling with an overactive
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However like nearly any medication, prednisone and other steroids can come with unwanted effects — ranging from annoying to almost intolerable.
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They could cause many unwanted effects that will
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Wear a medical alert tag or carry an ID card
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Corticosteroids may be more effective than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
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